 Learning
Chapter 7

 Learning
A relatively permanent behavior change due to experience http://www.youtube.com/watch_popup?v=BHYLcNSZM9o&vq=small

 Learning
How do we learn?
Conditioning – the process of learning associations

 Learning
Classical Conditioning

Classical Conditioning

 Learning
Classical Conditioning
Pavlov’s Experiments

One of Pavlov's dogs, preserved at The Pavlov
Museum Ryazan, Russia

Classical conditioning – a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events.
http://www.youtube.com/watch_popup?v=CpoLxEN54ho&vq=small#t=15

 Learning
Classical Conditioning
Major Phenomena

Acquisition
The initial stage of learning when a neutral stimulus is linked to an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response.

Acquisition

Extinction
The diminished (weakened) responding that occurs when the conditioned stimulus no longer signals an upcoming unconditioned stimulus

X
Extinction

Spontaneous Recovery
The reappearance of a weakened conditioned response after a pause

Generalization
The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

Discrimination
The learned ability to discriminate between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

 Learning
Classical Conditioning
Extending Pavlov’s Understanding

Biological Predispositions
Courtesy of John Garcia
John Garcia discovered that organisms are predisposed to learn associations that help them adapt and survive.
Contrary to what many before Garcia believed, some associations are learned more readily than others.

Biological Predispositions

 Learning
Classical Conditioning
Pavlov’s Legacy

Applications of Classical Conditioning
Credit: Psychonaught
Former drug users often feel a craving when they are again in the drug-using context —with people or in places they associate with previous highs. Thus, drug counselors advise addicts to change environment.

Applications of Classical Conditioning
Former drug users often feel a craving when they are again in the drug-using context —with people or in places they associate with previous highs. Thus, drug counselors advise addicts to change environment.

Applications of Classical Conditioning
Ad from April 1921 National Geographic
Advertisers pair previously neutral stimuli (brands) with erotic images with the idea that the brand will itself elicit the same positive response as the image.
Classical conditioning is the basis of the adage that “sex sells.”

Applications of Classical Conditioning

Applications of Classical Conditioning
As demonstrated by John
Watson, emotional responses can be understood as developing through classical conditioning. Watson conditioned an 11-month old infant named “Little
Albert” to fear white rats.
Brown Brothers http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FMnhyGozLyE

Applications of Classical Conditioning http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FMnhyGozLyE

Acrophobia- Fear of heights.

Ophidiophobia- Fear of snakes.

Selachophobia- Fear of sharks.

Alektorophobia- Fear of chickens.

Coulrophobia- Fear of clowns.

Genuphobia- Fear of knees.

Pentheraphobia- Fear of mother-in-law.

Androphobia- Fear of men.
(Fear of Fabio- Fabiophobia.)

Peladophobia- Fear of bald people.

Applications of Classical Conditioning http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=To3jujFzwHg

Applications of Classical Conditioning

Roller coaster (CS)
Neutral
Stimulus
Prepotent
Stimulus
Falling (UCS)
Unlearned
Response
Fear (UCR)

Roller coaster (CS)
Neutral
Stimulus
Acquisition
Prepotent
Stimulus
Falling (UCS)
Learned
Response
Fear (CR)

Millennium Force (CS)
Fear (CR)

Desperado (CS)
Fear (CR)
Stimulus generalization —when a stimulus is similar enough to the CS to elicit the CR

Fear (CR)
Stimulus discrimination —when a stimulus is not similar enough to the CS to elicit the CR

https://picasaweb.google.com/kimberlyfenn/THEBULL?authkey=Gv1sRgCJPzju_HtYahKw&feat=email#5349131010288619042

 Learning
Next time…
Operant Conditioning