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2D animation is doing lots of drawings a little different every time. By doing this
looking at the picture it makes the image look like it’s moving. This moves at 24
frames per second and has been around for thousands of years.
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The 1st form of animation was found in cave paintings in Palaeolithic
times over 17000 years ago. Animals such as such as tigers and wolves
were drawn on the walls. However they drew the animals with lots of
legs in different shades to make it look like the animal was running on the
wall. Although it was at a standstill and not moving our persistence of
vision sees all the legs and sees them moving. The are many other
examples dating back almost as far as this such as pottery. People would
make pots and have many different images on it telling a story. It would
usually be a warrior with his bow or some sort of fighter.
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Before film and cameras were invented there were still inventions that
allowed us to see moving images. Or at least what our mind perceived as
moving images. Before film there were many devices that we perceived to
be a moving image however The zoetrope
The zoetrope was invented around 101 BC by the3 inventor William
Horner. The zoetrope would display a number f images on the inside of it
and as you spinned the zoetrope it would give the illusion that the
picture is moving. What started out as a kid’s toy turned into the first
movement of animation. The zoetrope consists of a cylinder with slits cut
vertically in the sides. On the inner surface of the cylinder is a band with
images from a set of sequenced pictures. As the cylinder spins, the user
looks through the slits at the pictures across. The scanning of the slits
keeps the pictures from simply blurring together, and the user sees a
rapid succession of images, producing the illusion of motion. From the
late 20th century, devices working on similar principles have been
developed, named analogously as linear zoetrope’s and 3D zoetrope’s,
with traditional zoetrope’s referred to as "cylindrical zoetrope’s" if
distinction is needed. The zoetrope is still used to day in film and
animation. For example the zoetrope is used in the newest toy story film
to make them look like they are moving in a circle very fast.
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Despite the zoetrope lifting animation and allowing it
to lift off the was another tool that helped even before
the zoetrope and this was called a Thaumotrope. This
nifty little bit of kit was the most simple object. This
would work through your persistence of vision.
Basically you have 2 pieces of circular paper. For
example let’s say that the was a cage on one side and a
bird on the other side. By flipping the paper fast
enough it gives us the illusion that the bird is the cage.
This is because of our perception of vision. This toy
was made in the 19th century. In 2012 it was
discovered that the early traces of the Thaumotrope
were discovered on caves in France. The Thaumotrope
was made by John Aryton Parris who lived in London
in 1824.
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Persistence of vision is the theory where an afterimage is thought to
persist for approximately one twenty-fifth of a second on the
retinasistence of vision. This came in useful in animation because that is
how the zoetrope and the Thaumotrope worked. This means that when
you are looking at the next image on a Thaumotrope the first image is still
in your retina so you see the first image on top of the second image. The
theory was then disproved in 1912 by Wertheimer and concluded that a
visual form of iconic memory was what is causing the image to stay in
our head for 1 twenty fifth of a second not the persistence of vision.
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Traditional animation ran cinema and movement before
computers. Traditional animation was things such as flip books,
cell animation, roto scoping and even drawing on film strips.
These are all forms of early animation that revolutionised
animation into gaming films and much more.
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Flip books
A flip book is a collection of a variety of slightly different pictures of drawings. The pictures are
intended to be flipped over to give the illusion of movement and create an animated sequence from a
simple small book without machine. But what started out as the flip book did eventually have
machines working on the same basis.
The first flip book was made by John Barnes Linnet appeared in September 1886. A flip book is a
number of pieces of paper. On each piece of paper is an image. That image will gradually change over
time. This means when you flip each piece of paper it will give the illusion that the image is moving.
These were and still are illustrated for children. These than excelled to not just a range of drawings
but a range of photographs. He named them Kineograph. This meant motion picture. These were the
first form of animation to show a linear sequence or a story. Flip books in 1894 began to excel by the
use and invention of a mutoscopes. The mutoscopes was invented by Herman Casler. The mutoscopes
worked on the same grounds as a flip book. The mutoscopes would hold 850 cards with images on
them which would give you a viewing time of about a minute. The viewer would view the cards
through a single lens that was enclosed by a hood. As each slide or image moved the next would take
its place just like a flip book. Flip books have advanced so much since then. Now they are used in
children’s books and much more. Vintage flip books can now be up to thousands of dollars dependent
on how old they are.
In 1897 just after the mutoscopes the was the filoscope. This was the created by an English film maker
Henry William Scott. The filoscope worked just the same as the mutoscopes however it was a lot
smaller and hand operated. The main difference was you could place your own slides in the filoscope
to produce a flip book that does not move about and is steady to help the illusion of a moving image.
E.G. if I drew a car on a piece of paper and kept drawing it in slightly differently every time on
different pieces of paper and put them together you would have a flip book.
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Draw on film animation
This is another technique that animators use. This is achieved by the footage is made by drawing
directly onto the film stock. This is different from every other form of animation were the images or
objects are photographed frame by frame. This is the only form of animation that is not done this way.
Drawn on film was invented in 1908 by an Italian artist Arnaldo Ginna. His idea was to merge is talent
with art and the ever growing animation together by drawing on the film strip. In 1910 he made his
first animation film using this technique. In 1912 Arnaldo and another man called Bruno Corra
teamed up and started making films using this technique. They made 9 animated films with this
technique.
Techniques
Method 1: You start with a blank film stock and the other one with already developed film. On the
blank film stock the artist can now draw stamp or glue on the strip. These film stocks can be scratched
burned or spilt on to give a better effect.
Method 2: You need to be in a dark room for this method using film stock that has not been exposed
to light. Slowly it is exposed frame by frame. The artist then places their object onto a fresh stock and
then with a small light beam exposes the outline of the object so it is visible when shown as a film.
Some artists and animators such as Len Lye took Draw on animation to the next level. Len lye was the
first ever animator to use draw on animation when producing a film to the public. This film was a
promotional video for the British post office. Len Lye then when on to make a number of films using
this rare and obscure way of animating film. He ended up having his own film collection which are
now in archives.
For example if I had my film strip and it was blank. If I drew on it in different places you would have
splatters of paint or colour were ever you drew it directly onto the fil strip.
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Cel animation
The Cel animation process was created in Earl Hurd and John Bray in 1915. Cel animation was very important to the
advancement in animation. Also known as classical animation or hand drawn animation.
What is an individual cell???
Is a short piece of transparent paper which objects usually characters are drawn on or painted on to use for traditional
animation.
How it works?
The image is drawn onto a transparent piece of paper which is then placed underneath another sheet of paper were the
background will be drawn on. The outline of the images is drawn on the front of the Cel while colours are painted on the
back to eliminate brushstrokes. by doing this they could not get the characters proportion to the background wrong and
it gives a much clearer image. Once the background was created. Then you would take a picture of every single time the
character moves. These pictures are your frames. Obviously in 1915 the cameras were limited to what they could do so
the images were often a bit fuzzy however Cel animation as excelled since then.
Cel animation consists of consists of 24 frames per second which is still the basic frame rate for any form of digital
animation. In 1915 the frames would always be drawn by hand however still are today as well. Many Disney films such
as Beauty and the beast were made by Cel animation. They are good things and bad things about Cel animation. Some of
the good things are that you can draw free hand. This is good because it means that you can draw your characters
whatever way you want. Also it looks classic because it is such an old form of animation and people often enjoy classic
animation. Some disadvantages to Cel animation is that it can take a lot of time drawing up the characters and the back
ground. In modern day Cel animation it can cost a lot of money as well
How it has advanced
Going from Gertie the dinosaur which was the first ever animated film to today. Cel animation is still used today in film.
Disney to this day provides a number of Cel animation films dating back to 1951 with the film Beauty. To Mickey Mouse
the phenomenon we all know and love. 2D animation is still used especially in Japan and Cel animation will never die
out it will always be improved upon and altered. Cel animation also consists on your persistence of vision so in a way
the Cel animation has stemmed from the zoetrope and Thaumotrope.
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Rotoscoping
What is Rotoscoping and how does it work?
Rotoscoping is another animation techniques in which an animator traces over footage
frame by frame for use of live action. This technique was invented by Max Fleischer who
was a cartoonist a illustrator and a writer. He described this idea as ground breaking and
something to change animation for ever. He came up with the idea for Rotoscoping in
the early 1900 s and the first form of this was aired in 1915 with the animation of Koko
the clown. He was helped by his Brother who offered to dress as the clown and perform
choreographed movements.
Later cartoons with Rotoscoping
In the early 1930 s they began making Gulliver’s travels which was then aired in 1939.
They then began working on superman cartoons in the late 1940s. As cartoons advanced
they then started to turn into over exaggerated comedy such as the looney tunes and
Merrie melodies from Warner Bros. This advanced and kept being used all the way
through the 1900 s with things like snow white in 19 37 and iron fan in 1941.
Rotoscoping in the modern day
The animation technique of Rotoscoping is nearly a hundred years old, but the
advancements in technology and technique have made being a rotoscope artist today far
different than 100 years ago. Today’s Rotoscoping artists work with computing
Rotoscoping soft wear. The basic outline of modern Rotoscoping has been the same for
100 years. Modern Artists still trace the outline of the object onto the back ground.
However you do not have to do this for every scene as the computer soft wear will do it
for you and make the full process a lot easier.
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2D bitmap graphics
A Bitmap image is also known as a raster image. It starts off with a large grid with loads
of little squares inside the grid. These little squares are individual pixels. Colour is
placed in each of these pixels to build up an image. If you look at the image from quite
far away you will see a image. However if you press your eyes right up to the screen you
will just see the pixels because you are so close.
Different images when using bitmap have different sizes. For example if an image is 250
pixels by 250 it means that it is 250 pixels up and 250 pixels across. If the picture is 100
pixels by 100 pixels the image will still look good. However if the image is 1000 by 1000
pixels the image will be blurry because often the is not a lot of colour to go round the full
image. This often happens when you enlarge an image.
The problems with Bitmap images are they are not scalable to be larger images without
blurring. Also the files they are on can be very big and finally bitmap images are not
always easy to edit due to the amount of pixels you have in your image.
Despite these points they do have good points such as Bitmap is great for complex
photos with a lot of things going on or if you are attempting to get a wide shot of a lot of
scenery. Also most programmes such as final cut and other soft wears accept bit map
however as I said earlier the images are difficult to edit.
2D bitmap files are often imported on these types of formats. Jpeg PSD PNG TIFF GIFF
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Vector image
You start with a square however it is without pixels you have 2 points usually. These are called anchor points. The points
are connected by lines that are called paths. The paths can have various shapes as the lie can loop and bend. The paths
can be coloured and have different thickness dependent on what your trying to make your object look like in your frame.
It’s also most as if you are making your images out of shapes you make with the paths.
The advantages of a vector image is the file size is usually quite small which means you can import the image easily
across to different soft wear. They are scalable and can remain sharp because you draw the points yourself with your
paths so you can have it as sharp or as blunt as you want it. Finally they are easy to edit unlike the Bitmap which is quite
difficult to edit.
The only disadvantage for vector images is that it is not well suited to photo images. For example if you take a picture
and want to edit it using vector points it is quite difficult. This is more for making your own images from scratch using
animation. Vector images have different formats for saving files. When saving these files people often use formats such
as
•
PDF
•
EPS
•
AI
•
SVG
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This is an imager of how vector images are used in animation.
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Performance capture
Performance capture also known as motion capture is the process of capturing the
movement of a person or object it is usually a person to transfer it into a physical
presence in the film. How it works is you record the actions of a person on screen and
the actions he does are animated to the characters actions. This is done using a green
suit. In motion capture sessions, movements of one or more actors are sampled many
times per second to try and get the best movement for the animated character. Often
directors will actually pick an actor to base the animated character around. E.G Peter
Jackson selected Andy Circus to play Gollum and based Gollums face on the actors face.
This technique was used back in 1978 for the first lord of the rings movie. The actor
would do the movements in the green suit. Then the film was used as a guide to map out
the movements of the animated character. This was originally done for hand by hand
drawn animated character but now the characters are mapped out on screen at the same
time the actor does his movements and it is edited in pre-production. This technique is
often used in gaming as well. For example Football players will perform movements in
motion suits to be produced on new football games.
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Adobe flash player
Adobe Flash Player is software used to stream and view video, audio and multimedia
and Rich Internet Applications) on a computer or supported mobile device. Flash Player
was originally created by Macromedia, but is now developed and distributed by Adobe
Systems Inc. Adobe flash was created in 1996. Since its introduction adobe flash has
become a popular and easy way to watch animate and edit your films or whatever they
may be.
Macromedia was made in 1992. This was a American graphics development soft wear.
Macromedia was then taken over by Adobe systems in 2005. And by 2009 had full
control over macromedia and its products. Adobe flash had features never seen before
such as Adobe could handle and allow Vector image and raster images also known as
2D bitmap graphics. Despite just using Adobe flash to play around with this soft wear
had a lot to do with animation and had a lot of uses in the real world. E.G
• Interactive websites e.g. games websites
• Create animation e.g. animated T.V shows
• Advertisements e.g. T.V adverts
• Audio and Video streaming e.g. Adobe would often have the rights to some videos
and you would have to install their soft wear to watch the video
• Company presentation e.g. power points
• 2D AND 3D games.
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Joseph plateau
Joseph plateau was the first pioneer and the father of animation.
He was born on the 14th of October 1801 in Brussels in Belgium. In
1829 joseph submitted his doctoral thesis and became a physicist.
In 18 35 he became a physics teacher at Gent university. This is
where he began his research and his contribution to animation
started.
Contribution to animation
Joseph began his research by creating a 27 page book on what
colours and different sights effect was on the retina. Joseph
started working with images and thought about the movement of
images to test his theory he invented a prototype kicked
animation into go!. This was called a Plateau’s phenakistiscope
named after him whom he invented in 1932. This device worked
under these grounds When the two disks rotated at the correct
speed, the synchronization of the windows and the images created
an animated effects/This eventually lead to the motion that is
cinema.
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Norman McLaren was born on the 11th of April 1914 and died
27th of January 1987. He was Scottish born and Canadian
successful animator and a film director at the same time. He
worked on a number of areas of animation such as drawn on film
and abstract film. He won Oscars which included the best
documentary in 1952 for the documentary neighbours. In 1969 he
won a BAFTA for best animated film Pas De Deux. McLaren was
born in Stirling in Scotland. In his teen years he studied set design
at Glasgow school of Art. His early experiments with film
included scratching or painting on the film stock. He did not have
access to a camera so he created film without one. He created his
first published fil which was called 7 till. McLaren used pixilation
effects, superimpositions and animation when making the film.
Despite the use of a camera in this film Mclaren used his mastered
techniques of drawing on film. This was possibly the reason he
won a Oscar because it was so different/
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This man was an English photographer well known for his studies in animation and
movement of images. He was known for his invention of the Zoopraxiscope in 1879.This
was another form of animation tool such as the zoetrope and the Thaumotrope.
Before his photography and ground breaking invention of the Zoopraxiscope he was a
successful book seller. When he was on a coach to san Francisco the coach crashed and
left him with severe head injuries. This was because on impact his body was thrown out
of the coach and hit his head on a rock. He ended up in New York where he received
treatment for a year before he set sail back to England. Despite this awful tragedy he
says he would have never got the idea for the Zoopraxiscope if he hadn’t been on that
bus.
This was considered the first ever piece of kit or machinery to display and project a film
to show the film and later on enlarge it. The way it worked was the image was displayed
on the glass disk and then rotated in fast cycles to display what was actually motionless
animation however looked like it was a moving image. Originally on the glass disks the
drawings were only silhouettes however as time advanced animators who were using
this machine began to start drawing in full figures to make their films more enjoyable
and more surreal. Then in 1890 even more advancements began to take place people
began to print the outline onto the glass disk and then just paint in the full object
depending on what it was.
The was however a down fall to this device and that was the size of it. It was very large
and was difficult to transport around and set up when wanting to view something
through it. Also it was only able to be viewed in dark environments due to the light
reflecting of the lens the image would be very bright and very hard to see.
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Full name is Charles Emile Reynaud. He was born December 8th 1844 in France. His
father was a medal engraver and his mother was a school teacher so they did not have a
lot of money in the family so his parents took care of his education. From his father he
learned precision mechanics and from this he went on to teach physics and natural
science from 1873 to 1877. His mother taught him to draw and paint which came in quite
useful in his animation career.
Charles was responsible for the first animation cartoon. Pauvre Pierrot in October 1892.
This was made up of 500 different motionless still paintings. This was a large success in
France and even other country’s nearby. Later in 1876 he invented his own animation
tool called the Praxinoscope. In the same year he also launched his cartoon in his own
theatre he had built up called the Musee Gurvin.
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The Praxinoscope was an animation device, the successor to the zoetrope. It was
invented in France in 1877 by Charles-Emile Reynaud. Like the zoetrope, it used a strip
of pictures placed around the inner surface of a spinning cylinder. This however
improved upon the Zoetrope because instead of it having little viewing slots it had inner
circle mirrors so the reflection o the mirrors was more still and would not move about.
Also by using the mirrors the movement would be faster and this would make the image
less distorted. However this would not have happened without the zoetrope.
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The Lumiere brothers Augusta Marie and Louis Nicolas Lumiere were born around the
same time. Augusta was born on October 19th 1862 and Lois was born on the 5th
October 1864. The brothers were born in Besancon, France and moved to Lyon in 1870.
In Lyon they attended one of the biggest technical schools in France. Their father who
died in 1911 ran a photographic store were both the brothers worked when they went
attending school. When working in his father’s store Louis made some ground breaking
steps to still photograph process. The most notable was dry plate process.
When their father retired in 1892 the brothers began to try and create moving picture
using Dry plate process. They patented a number of significant processes leading up to
their own film camera which they patented in 1895. This was the first ever camera
capable of recording film. The first ever film recorded was on march 19th 1995. This film
shows workers leaving their factory.
Once the Lumiere brothers had realised their success they began to create the first fully
recorded non animated films. The first public screening was on December 28th later that
year so they went wasting time. They patented the first film camera and released a film
to the public in 1 year. This camera did not have sound or colour but it was evolutionary
in the media industry.
To summarize the Lumiere brothers were the first ever film directors and went on to
create lots of films with their camera. In 1948 Louis sadly died at the age of 83 in 1948.
Then in 1862 Augusta passed at the age of 93. These two brothers made it possible to
move an image on camera and over time it advanced and grew to today were we have
HD and the clearest sound possible.
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Thomas a Edison was born February 11th 1847 was an American inventor who specialised his talents
in photography kit and tools. He also developed the Phonograph and the motion picture camera.
Thomas A Edison was also responsible for the invention of the light bulb and contributed to the world
as a whole. Thomas Edison was also the first inventor to realise that it would be easier to do mass
production with large teams and sell more of his product to the public.
Thomas when he was in school often wandered and went of task. He described the tasks as too easy.
He was only in school for 3 months before he was taken out by his mum. She decided that being home
schooled would be a better suit to his ability and so it was. Thomas went onto to be a successful
inventor businessman and doctor for a short period of time.
At a young age Thomas developed partial deafness due to his condition of scarlet fever. Before he
found his talents he was a telegraph operator for his first job. This happened because he saved a boy’s
life that was stuck on the rai way line. The father of this boy was so grateful he offered Thomas the job
and that is where he began his career.
He then moved to New York where he began his inventing streak and within a few years the
president of natural science had given him the name the most ingenious inventor of the country. First
he invented the phonograph and a phew years later he invented the kinetoscope.
The kinetoscope is an early motion picture device that would have a little whole at the top that you
could view individual film strips in at a time. This was not so much a film projector however it was
well on its way to the invention of one. This device was made in 1888 but it was developed by
Thomas associates William Kennedy and Laurie Dickson between 1889 and 1892. The first public
demonstration was in 1893. Edison ended up combining his two inventions the phonograph and the
kinetoscope together to make one better piece of kit.
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Diversity in animation
Disney
It is said that today Disney are the most diverse animating company. And employ 42% more staff who have any sort of
disability be it mental or physical. Disney was also the first big animation company to show characters with disability on
screen. Walt Disney thought that people need to be aware of disabilities because a lot of people were not back then. This
was a great idea because it allowed people of all ages to get a basic grasp on the problems with disability. Disney
portrayed these characters the same as any other showing that people who suffer from disability are capable of anything
that anyone else is.
Edward Muybridge
An old example of Diversity in animation is Edward Muybridge. Edward suffered in a fatal accident which left him
mentally impaired for the rest of his life. This disability affected him mentally. He struggled to see and had partial
deafness. Despite these Edward found it very difficult to understand things and how they worked. He had lost is
brilliant mind. Despite this he still knew who he was what he used to do and what his intentions were. This disability left
him finding things very difficult however it didn’t stop him it only helped is idea of the Zoopraxiscope and without the
Zoopraxiscope the first invention to play film on screen we may not have had anything to do with film or animation
today. Edwards says without that crash to mentally impair him he may never have had the idea to create the
Zoopraxiscope. He once said “I’m going to make a name for myself if I fail you’ll never hear of me again” and he
certainly lived up to that quote.
Edison is the great inventor who had over 1,000 products that he had made and his inventions were very important and
still used in our everyday life. In his early life he was thought to have a learning disability and he could not read till he
was twelve and later he himself admitted that he had become deaf at a very young age because he used to sell papers on
a train which overtime caused his deafness. He first captured world attention by inventing the phonograph. His most
popular invention is the electric light bulb. He also developed the telegraph system. He also became a prominent
businessman and his business institution produced his inventions and marketed the products to the general people.
This shows that anyone can be a huge part in animation
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Music videos
A music video is some form of moving image be it film or
animation to match with the music. Often the music video will
have to match in timing and in genre. They are used to promote
tracks and authors. Animation came into music videos in 1985
with the song take on me. Take on me was the first ever song to
have an animated music video. This was done using key frames
and drawing over the top of them in the footage shot on film so it
was using both filming and animating in this video. Music videos
now have advanced so much and are limitless as to what can be
done to them and with them. The music video industry is forever
excelling and they are now experimenting with 3D videos. Music
videos when used in animation were originally roto scoped
because it was the easiest way to do it.
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Computer animation is a process used for generating animated
images by using computer graphics also known as CGI. The more
general term is computer generated graphics. Modern computer
animation is used in 3D graphics. However 2D graphics are still
used for headings and stylistic things such as score boards and
sub titles in game. Tradition 3D animation in games they would
use models and frame by frame take the pictures of each
movement needed. However with the advancement in technology
this can now be done digitally on screen. Now the animations are
computer generated they are more controllable and can look
better because of that. To show the moving image it goes back to
traditional animation by using 24 frames a seconds and moving
the character slightly. Games like Fifa and Call of duty would not
be around without these amazing animation techniques from
centuries ago that are still used today and have been improved
upon.
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Behind Walt Disney this was one of the best and strongest
companies to specialise in animation and advance so much over
time. The company was created and launched in 1957 and were
the leaders of kids cartoons around that time. This company ran
till 2001 and created a number of hugely successful cartoons such
as Scooby doo Tom and Jerry and the Flintstones. In 2001 the
company turned into warner bros. The well known huge company
that created films such as harry potter and others. Now the
company has been taken over by warner bros they have begun to
re light some of Hannah Barbara’s amazing series by turning them
into films as warner bros. For example the smurfs has been recreated as a child’s film by Warner bros to keep the old series
going. Hanna Barbara was one the first companies to air cartoons
on film when producing children’s cartoons on a Saturday
morning. They would do it at this time because it was the best
viewing time for young children.
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Warner bros were created around early 1900 and produced their
first cartoon in 1930s which was the looney toons. Despite the
Warner brothers being more film producers they did produce a lot
of cartoons and put them on air due to their branch in their
company specialising in animation. In the late 1930s they also
created merry melodies. These two programmes gave us
characters like Bugs Bunny, Porky Pig, Taz,
Daffy Duck and Tweetie Pie. Throughout the mid-1900s Warner
Bros kept making cartoons with the advancements in animation
they were getting better and better. In 2001 Hanna Barbara
merged with one with Warner brothers In modern day Warner
brothers do not produce as many cartoons as they used too. Now
they specialise in producing films such as Harry Potter and the
hangover. They have produced hundreds of films and are now the
biggest company to produce films. They now leave the animating
up to Disney.
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DreamWorks Animation SKG, Inc. is an American
animation studio based in Glendale, California, that
creates animated feature films, television programs,
and online virtual worlds. Dream works is a more
modern animation company that was founded in 1997
by David Geffen Steven Spielberg and Jeffery
Katzenberg. They have produced not many films
around about 40 productions to current date however
these have all been children’s favourites such as
Madagascar and Shrek. Because of their late arrival
into animation they started their work using 2D
computer animation unlike companies like Disney and
Pixar who were inventing animated films before
computing.
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