Chapter 16 Reading Map
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Monday, Mar 26 - 619 – 626
Tuesday, Mar 27 – 626 - 633
Wednesday, Mar 28 – 633 - 640
Thursday, Mar 29 – 640 - 646
Friday, Mar 30 – essay
Monday, April 2 – 646 - end
Tuesday, April 3 – Quiz/Cards/Study Guide
Wednesday, April 4 - Desk Mat due
Psychological Disorders (619)
•
(HO 16-1 and 16-3)
• 1 in 5 Americans and Australians are judged to
need help for a psychological disorder in any
given year.
• Psychological Disorder - def - a harmful
dysfunction in which behavior is judged to be
•
atypical
•
disturbing
•
maladaptive
•
Unjustifiable
Defining Psychological Disorders (620)
• Behavior is harmful and dysfunctional when it is
atypical, disturbing, maladaptive and unjustifiable.
• Standards of un/acceptable behavior vary with
time, culture, circumstance.
• On December 9, 1973, homosexuality was a
disorder. On December 10, 1973 it was no longer
a disorder. Why?
Understanding Psychological Disorders (621)
• Historically mentally ill people
were thought to be possessed by
evil ---- therefore the cure was
exorcism or other techniques
appropriate for a demon.
• like ------- pulling teeth,
removing parts of intestines,
transfusing blood
•
Today, the treatment for mental
disorders depends on the
perspective of the
doctor/counselor
The Medical Perspective (621)
• Phillippe Pinel (1745-1826) in France insisted that
madness was not demon possession but was rather
a sickness of the mind caused by severe stresses
and inhumane conditions.
• Therefore - madness should be cured with "moral
treatment" which included boosting patients'
morale by unchaining them, talking with them and
replacing brutality with gentleness, isolation with
activity and filth with clean air and sun.
The Medical Perspective (621)
• The discovery of the link between syphilis and
mental illness sent doctors looking for other
physical causes of other mental illness.
• Today we think of mental illness as a disease that
can be diagnosed based on symptoms and cured
through therapy that may include hospitalization
in a psychiatric hospital
Bio-Psycho-Social Perspective ( 621)
• says that all behavior arises from the interaction
of nature (biological, genetic and physical factors)
and nurture (social factors, experiences).
• This perspective explains why some disorders are
culture-specific (ie. anorexia). How???
Classifying Psychological
Disorders (622)
• The book used to classify and describe disorders is
the DSM V (Diagnostic and Statistical manual of
Mental Disorders)
• The DSM V classifies disorders, describes
symptoms and suggests treatments.
• Note: The DSM V has 400 disorders, the DSM
1950 had 60.
Labeling Psychological Disorders (623)
• The Rosenhan
experiment (1973) clip
• http://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=hqaptRYj
hq4
Labeling Psychological Disorders (623)
• David Rosenhan (1973) sent 8 "normals" to 8 mental
hospitals who claimed (lied) to hear voices that were
saying "empty", "hollow" and "thud" but otherwise acted
as themselves
• all 8 were diagnosed as being mentally ill. After they
were admitted to hospital they acted as themselves yet, the
clinicians were able to discover the causes of their
disorders after analyzing their (quite normal) life
histories.
• the medical community was furious and challenged
Rosenhan to repeat his experiment. Hospitals discovered
"normal" people who they said were posing as mental
patients. However, Rosenhan hadn't sent out any "normal"
people this time!!!
Labels (623)
Labels are bad:
1.
stigmatize people
2.
bias perceptions
3.
can also change reality we elicit different
behavior depending on a
person's label ---- the selffulfilling prophecy
Labels are good:
1.
allow us to communicate
psychiatric diagnosis
2. allow us to comprehend
the pathology (disease)
involved in a mental
illness
3. control psychiatric
outcomes
Insanity and Responsibility (626)
• 1843 - 1st Insanity Defence - Daniel M'Naughten
tried to kill the PM but shot his assistant
instead. He was sent to a mental hospital rather
than to prison.
• Many insane people still go to jail ---- example --Andrea Yates after she killed her 5 children -•
In Canada we have the NCR defence (not criminally responsible) and
we also can declare accused people Not Fit to Stand Trial. In order to
be found guilty, you must have been of sound mind at the time of the
offence. If you lose your sanity after the crime but before the trial you
are Not Fit to Stand Trial and your trial will be delayed.
Anxiety Disorders (627)
• Anxiety is normal.
• Anxiety becomes a
disorder when it is intense,
distressing and persistent
so that it is maladaptive.
• 4 examples of Anxiety
Disorders:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Panic Disorder
Phobia Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (627)
• unfocused, out-of-control,
negative feelings
• continually tense and
jittery
• worries rob your
concentration
• cannot identify (and
therefore can't deal with)
the cause
Panic Disorder (627)
• strikes suddenly, wreaks
havoc and disappears
• short and intense fear
• heart palpitations,
shortness of breath,
choking, trembling,
dizziness
• develops into a disorder
where we fear fear itself
and avoid situations where
the panic struck before
Phobia (628)
• focus anxiety on
something specific
• irrational fear that disrupts
behavior
• people attempt to deal
with their phobias by
avoiding the causes (ex.
spiders)
• normal fear is normal - a
phobia disrupts a normal
life
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (628)
• “As Good as It Gets”
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=44DCWslbsNM
• person is obsessed with an offensive/disturbing
thought (germs on door knobs) and does
compulsive, rigid behaviors (wash hands 100
times a day) to deal with the thought
• the thoughts and behaviors prevent you from
living a normal life
• more common with teens and young adults
Explaining Anxiety Disorders (629)
Psychoanalytic Perspective
• The Psychoanalytic perspective explains
anxiety as being a result of repressed
intolerable impulses/ideas/feelings
Explaining Anxiety Disorders (629)
Learning Perspective
• The Learning Perspective says anxiety is linked
with the classical conditioning of a fear.
• Stimulus Generalization ex. a person who fears
heights after a fall also fears airplanes although he
has never flown • Reinforcement once a phobia/compulsion arises,
reinforcement helps to maintain them
– - ex - avoiding elevators reduces anxiety (this is
reinforcement for the avoidance behavior)
• Observational Learning - we learn fears by
observing other's fears
Explaining Anxiety Disorders (629)
Biological Perspective
• Explains why we learn some fears more readily and why
some individuals are more vulnerable
• Natural Selection
– we are biologically prepared to fear threats faced by our
ancestors. Ancestors who didn't fear snakes are less
likely to have left descendants.
– Our compulsive acts are also usually acts that aided our
ancestors in survival - ie hand washing
• Genes identical twins often develop similar phobias
• Brain areas involved in impulse control and habitual
behaviors (frontal lobe). Fear also affects the amygdala.
Mood Disorders (633)
1. major depressive
disorder
2. bipolar disorder
Mood Disorders (633)
Major Depressive Disorder
• #1 reason why people seek out mental health
services
• leading cause of disability
• often a response to current or past loss
• signs of depressions last two weeks or more
without an obvious cause
• Dysthymic Disorder - down mood for most of the
day, nearly every day, for 2 years.
Depression can be adaptive
• slows us down
• avoids attracting
predators
• restrains futile effort
• evokes support
• allows us to reassess
and redirect
Mood Disorders (634)
Bipolar Disorder
• less common than major depressive disorder
• alternating between mania and depression
• Mania
– excited, overactive, ever talkative
– huge optimism and self-esteem which may lead to
unsafe behavior
– more common among artistic people
– mania eventually returns to normal or to a depression
• occurs in about 1% of the population (M and W
equally)
Explaining Mood Disorders (635)
• behavior and cognitive change accompany
depression
• depression is widespread
• women are twice as susceptible to depression as
men
• most depression self-terminates without therapy
• stress often precedes depression
• the rate of depression is rising
• depression is striking people earlier in life
Explaining Mood Disorders
Psychoanalytic Approach (637)
• Depression occurs
when significant
losses evoke feelings
associated with losses
experienced in
childhood.
• Repressed feelings and
unresolved conflicts
become turned inward
against the self.
Explaining Mood Disorders
Biological Perspective (637)
• Genetics - mood disorders
run in families.
• to tease out which genes
are implicated in
depression, researchers
use linkage
analysis. They find
families that have had the
disorder across several
generations and then
analyze the DNA in
affected and unaffected
family members.
The Depressed Brain (638)
• norepinephrine increases
arousal and mood - is
abundant during mania and
scarce during depression
• Smoking increases
norepinephrine - selfmedication
• Serotonin is scarce during
depression. Medication
increases seratonin by either
blocking reuptake or
stopping its chemical
breakdown.
• Exercise increases serotonin.
Neurological Signs Of
Depression (639)
• brain of depression person is less active
• left frontal lobe (active during positive emotions)
is inactive in depressed brains
• MRIs show a 7% smaller frontal lobe in severely
depressed patients
• PET scans show that glucose (brain energy) is
high during mania and low during depression
• serotonin stimulates hippocampus neuron growth
Suicide (638)
• white Americans are nearly twice as likely
as black to kill themselves
• women are more likely than men to attempt
suicide but men are 2 to 4 times more likely
to succeed.
• suicide rates higher among the rich, the
nonreligious and those who are single,
widowed or divorced
Suicide (638)
• people seldom commit suicide while in the depths
of depression (when energy and initiative are
lacking). It is when they begin to rebound and
become capable of following through that the risk
increases.
• teen suicide may follow traumatic events and it is
often linked with drug and alcohol abuse.
• most who commit suicide had talked of it
Explaining Mood Disorders Social
Cognitive Perspective (640)
• Self-defeating Beliefs
- feed the vicious cycle
- magnify bad experiences and minimize
good experiences
- can arise from learned-helplessness
Social Cognitive Cycle
• Brain chemistry
Cognition
mood
• Altering any one component of the chemistrycognition-mood circuit can alter the others
Social-Cognition (640)
Negative Thought Feed Negative Moods
• attribution of blame – if you experience a
failure what do you blame it on?
• Depressed people tend to explain bad events
in terms of them being:
– 1. stable
– 2. global and
– 3. internal
Negative Thoughts Feed
Negative Moods (640)
Seligman (1991) says depression is
common among young Westerners because
of epidemic hopelessness stemming from
the rise of individualism and the decline of
commitment to religion and family. People
from communal cultures are more likely to
feel shame than depression. People in
individualistic cultures have a self focus and
take personal responsibility for problems
and have nothing to fall back on for hope.
Social-Cognition (641)
Negative Moods Feed Negative Thoughts
State-Dependent Memory - a depressed
mood triggers negative thoughts and
memories
Depression’s Vicious Cycle (641)
Circulates around:
1. stressful experiences
2. negative explanatory style
3. depressed mood
4. cognitive and behavioral style
Cognitive Therapy (640)
• train depressed prone people to think more
positively
• helps to disrupt the vicious cycle - being
withdrawn, self-focused, complaining elicits
rejection
Dissociative Identity Disorder (644)
(AKA Multiple Personality Disorder)
• your consciousness separates from painful
experiences or memories
• dissociate self from consciousness
• have 2 or more identities that control their
behavior - not aware of the other self
• The Learning Perspective says that this disorder is a way
of dealing with anxiety. The behavior is reinforced by
anxiety reduction.
• The Psychoanalytic Perspective says that this disorder is
also a way of dealing with anxiety. It is a defense against
anxiety caused by unacceptable impulses.
Schizophrenia (646)
•
•
•
•
•
•
psychotic disorder - loose contact with reality
1 in 100 people
split from reality (NOT multiple personality)
Negative v. Positive symptoms
false beliefs - delusions
disorganized thoughts - breakdown in selective
attention
• disturbed perceptions - perceive things that don't
exist - hallucinations
• inappropriate emotions - flat effect
Subtypes of Schizophrenia (648)
• Paranoid - delusions or hallucinations, often with
themes of persecution or grandiosity
• Disorganized - disorganized speed or behavior, or
flat or inappropriate emotion
• Catatonic - immobile or excessive movement
• Undifferentiated - varied symptoms
• Residual - withdrawal after hallucinations and
delusions have disappeared
Subtypes of Schizophrenia (648)
Chronic Schizophrenia
• develops slowly
• recovery is doubtful
Acute or Reactive Schizophrenia
• appears suddenly
• a reaction to stress
• recovery is more likely
• usually have the positive symptoms
Schizophrenia
Brain Abnormalities (649)
• Dopamine Overactivity - excess receptors for
dopamine - associated with positive symptoms treated with drugs that block dopamine receptors
(these drugs don't work well on the negative
symptoms)
• drugs like amphetamines and cocaine increase
dopamine levels
• the neurotransmitter glutamate might be involved
in the negative symptoms. Some street drugs
block glutamate receptors.
Schizophrenia
Brain Anatomy (649)
• low activity in frontal lobes
• thalamus is active during hallucinations (usually
the thalamus filters incoming sensory signals and
transmits them to the cortex)
• enlarged, fluid-filled areas and a shrinking of
cerebral tissue
• smaller thalamus
Schizophrenia - Causes (650)
• low birth weight and oxygen deprivation at
birth are risk factors
• people conceived during the Dutch wartime
famine had doubled rates of schizophrenia
• a 2nd trimester viral infection that impairs
fetal brain development
Schizophrenia
Genetic Factors (650)
• 1 in 100 odds become 1 in 10 if you have a
sibling or a parent with schizophrenia and 1
in 2 if your sibling is an identical twin
• adoptive children take their risk from
biological parents not their adoptive parents
• no discovery yet of a gene
Schizophrenia
Psychological Factors (651)
•
•
•
•
•
stress?????
difficulties in family communication????
separation from parents
poor peer relations and solo play
short attention span
Personality Disorders (653)
• Avoidant Personality Disorder - anxiety, fears
rejection, withdrawal
• Schizoid Personality Disorder - eccentric
behavior, social disengagement
• Histrionic Personality Disorder - dramatic,
impulsive behavior, shallow, attention-getting
emotions are displayed, goes to great lengths to
obtain other's praise and attention
Personality Disorders (653)
• Narcissistic Personality Disorder - exaggerate
your own importance, success fantasies
• Borderline Personality Disorder - unstable
identity, relationships and emotions, unstable
sense of self
• Antisocial Personality Disorder (AKA
sociopaths/psychopaths) - feel and fear little, lack
of conscience, show less autonomic nervous
system arousal when shocked, lower stress
hormones as children, less frontal lobe activity and
tissue
Rates of Psychological Disorders (656)
• 1 in 6 Americans has a mental disorder that is clinically
significant
• similar stats in Britain and Australia
• serious mental disorders double high among those below
the poverty line
• those who experience a disorder usually do so by early
adulthood
• symptoms of phobias and antisocial personality disorder
appear first around 10 and 8 respectively
• alcohol abuse, OCD, bipolar, schizophrenia appear at
around 20
• major depression is closer to 25