EOC Review #3: Photosynthesis,
Cell Respiration, DNA, Mitosis,
and Protein synthesis
Christopherson
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis I
Photosynthesis Function
To produce
glucose
(food) for
producers
The formula
for glucose:
C6H12O6
Photosynthesis: How?
Plants absorb sunlight energy, carbon
dioxide and water to make glucose
Organisms that Undergo Photosynthesis:
Plants
Bacteria
Protists – ex/ Green Algae
Photosynthesis: Location
Chloroplast
Chlorophyll: Pigment
Producer
Leaf
Leaf Cross-section
Pigments
Found inside
the thylakoid
Absorb sunlight
energy and give
plants their
color.
Photosynthesis Summative Equation
(Formula)
Sunlight Energy
CO2 + H2O
C6H12O6 + O2
Reactants
What is needed
Products
What is produced
Cell Respiration I: ATP and
Anaerobic Respiration
Christopherson
Purpose of Cell Respiration
The process in which glucose (food) is broken
down into ATP (usable energy)
C6H12O6
C6H12O6
ATP
ATP Structure
Contains adenosine, sugar, and three
phosphates
Does ATP have ENERGY?
YES
Photosynthesis Summative Equation
(Formula)
C6H12O6 + O2
CO2 + H2O + ATP
Reactants
Need?
Products
Produced?
Anaerobic Respiration
Respiration that occurs without oxygen
present
Organisms that
undergo
Anaerobic
Respiration:
All living things
Process: Anaerobic Respiration
Simple
Organisms
Glucose:
C-C-C-C-C-C
ATP
Pyruvate:
C-C-C and C-C-C
Fermentation
Breaking down of Pyruvate:
Simple Organisms - Result
Pyruvate is broken down into waste. It’s trash.
This process is Fermentation.
Pyruvate
Breaking down of Pyruvate
Simple Organisms
Bacteria
Yeast
Process: Anaerobic Respiration
Glucose:
C-C-C-C-C-C
Complex
Organisms
ATP
Pyruvate:
C-C-C and C-C-C
To the Mitochondria
(Aerobic Respiration)
Aerobic Respiration
Respiration that occurs with oxygen
present
Organisms
that undergo
Aerobic
Respiration:
Complex
Organisms
(Everything BUT
Bacteria and Yeast)
Mitochondria
Function:
Breaks
down
sugar
into
ATP
Location: Throughout the cell
(usable form of energy); Powerhouse of
the cell
Aerobic Respiration RESULT
Pyruvate C-C-C and C-C-C
O2
O2 is the key to the mitochondria
ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP
ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP
ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP
ATP ATP ATP ATP ATP
DNA Structure and Discovery
Christopherson
DNA:
Deoxyribonucleic
Acid
DNA is a Nucleic
Acid
Monomer:
Nucleotide
Structure of a Nucleotide
1. Phosphate
2.
Deoxyribose
a. Adenine
b. Thymine
c. Cytosine
d. Guanine
3. Nitrogen
Base
Structure of DNA
Phosphate
Deoxyribose
Nitrogen Bases
Practice with Base Pairing
Sugar and
Phosphate
A T C G G C T A C G A T
T A G C C G A T G C T A
Sugar and
Phosphate
Cell Cycle Summary
What is a Body Cell?
All the cells that
make up the
“body” of an
organism.
What is a Homologous Pair?
A pair of chromosomes that are very similar; one is
from your mom and the other from your dad
Formula: 2n
Diploid?
n = the number of chromosomes
2 = that homologous pairs are present
-Normal number of chromosomes in organisms
body cell
Total Number of Chromosomes in a Human
Body Cell
Purpose of the Cell Cycle
To grow, replace old cells, or reproduction
Location of the Cell Cycle
Within an organisms body cells
1st Step of the Cell Cycle
Interphase:
Cell prepares
to divide by
making more
organelles and
cytoplasm (G1
and G2);
Replicates DNA
(S)
2nd Step of the Cell Cycle
Mitosis: The
replicated DNA
is separated
Made up of
PMAT
Prophase,
Metaphase,
Anaphase,
Telophase
3rd Step of the Cell Cycle
Cytokinesis: The cell divides the organelles and
cytoplasm into the new cell
End Result of the Cell Cycle
Two identical cells with the same number of
chromosomes
Interphase
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
If an organism
has 50
chromosomes
and it undergoes
mitosis, how
many
chromosomes
will be present in
the new cells?
If an organisms diploid number chromosome
is 100, how many chromosomes will be
present in the new cells?
What is a GENE?
Instruction manual
for our body
Portion of the DNA
that “codes” (has
the directions) for a
specific trait.
Where is a Gene?
•Within DNA
•The nitrogen
bases spell out
the
instructions
RNA
Ribonucleic
Acid
Make up of
Nucleotides
Contains
Phosphorus
RNA Nucleotide
A
Phosphate
Nitrogen Base
C
B
Ribose
Guanine
Cytosine
Adenine
Uracil
How is DNA different from RNA?
DNA versus RNA: # of Strands
2 strands
1 strand
DNA versus RNA: Sugar
Deoxyribose
Ribose
DNA versus RNA: Bonds with Adenine
DNA
Adenine
Thymine
RNA
Adenine
Uracil
What are the types of RNA?
mRNA Function
Copy a message from a gene on DNA
DNA
mRNA
tRNA Function
Carries amino acids to mRNA
mRNA
Brief summary of Protein synthesis
A protein is
made from a
gene on DNA
Brief Summary of Transcription
Make
mRNA from
a gene on
DNA
Transcription Animation #2
Transcribe the following
DNA
TAC GGC AAA TAG GAT TTT CCA TTA AGT
AUG CCG UUU AUC CUA AAA GGU AAU UCA
mRNA
Location of Translation
Ribosome
Brief Summary of Translation
Make a
protein
from mRNA
Amino acid
Met
Protein
Peptide Bond
Anticodon
Gl
Ser
Arg
y
UAC GCG
AUG CGC
CCU
GGA
AGG
UCC
Ribosome
Ser
Stop
AGU AUU
UCA UAA
mRNA
Codon
First
rRNAtRNA
forms
leaves
a peptide
and the
bond
ribosome
between
shifts.
the A
AThree
A
Another
tRNA
ribosome
base
anticodon
peptide
sequence
attaches
matches
bond
in
to
ismRNA
mRNA
formed
withwith
isa called
mRNA
and
the
acodon
codon
Another
tRNA
anticodon
matches
a codon
A
protein
has
been
made
new
amino
tRNA
acids
fills empty space.
process continues
Codon
Translation Animation #1
TAC GGA CAT GAC GGG AAA ACT
DNA
AUG CCU GUA CUG CCC UUU UGA
mRNA
Met – Pro – Val – Leu – Pro – Phe - STOP
Amino Acid
Mutations
Mutations
What is a mutation?
Change in the DNA
nitrogen base
sequence of a gene
How do Mutations Occur?
Damaged DNA
caused by
agents such as
sunlight,
smoke,
radiation; It
can also be
inherited
Category of Mutation: Point
Change in one base of the DNA sequence.
Original:
The fat cat ate the
wee rat
Point mutation:
The fat hat ate the
wee rat
Example of Point Mutation: Sickle
Cell Anemia
Sickle Cell Anemia: Point Mutation
Category of Mutation: Frameshift
Addition or deletion of a DNA base resulting
in a different sequence of DNA.
Original:
The fat cat ate the
wee rat
Frameshift mutation:
The fat ata tet hew
eer at
Tay Sachs Disease: Frameshift Mutation