Biology I: Modern Biology Holt Rinehart, & Winston © 2009: Unit 2 Vocabulary
Chapter 5: Homeostasis and Cell Transport, pp 97-107
1 active transport; 2 carrier protein; 3 concentration gradient; 4 contractile vacuole; 5 cytolysis; 6 diffusion;
7 endocytosis; 8 equilibrium; 9 exocytosis; 10 facilitated diffusion; 11 hypertonic; 12 hypotonic; 13 ion channel;
14 isotonic; 15 osmosis; 16 passive transport; 17 phagocyte; 18 phagocytosis; 19 pinocytosis; 20 plasmolysis;
21 Na+/K+ pump; 22 turgor pressure; 23 vesicle
1 movement against the concentration gradient requiring expenditure of energy
2 specific proteins in cell membrane that assist in the movement of non-permeable molecules across membrane
3 difference in the concentration of molecules across a distance
4 organelles that remove water
5 bursting of cells
6 movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
7 process by which cells ingest external fluid, macromolecules, & large particles, even other cells
8 the concentration of molecules are the same throughout the space the molecules occupy
9 process by which a substance is released from the cell via a vesicle transporting it to membrane, fusing, and
then letting it out
10 type of passive transport for molecules that cannot readily cross membrane
11 when the concentration of the solute molecules outside the cell is higher than cytosolic concentration
12 when the concentration of the solute molecules outside the cell is lower than cytosolic concentration
13 membrane proteins that transport ions via small passageways across cell membrane
14 when the concentration of the solute molecules outside the cell is equal to the cytosolic concentration
15 process by which water molecules diffuse across a cell membrane from area of higher to area of lower conc.
16 movement of substances across cell membrane without expenditure of any energy
17 cells that ingest bacteria & invading viruses and then fuse with lysosomes to degrade their contents
18 import of large particles or whole cells into the cell via endocytosis
19 transport of solids or fluids into the cell via endocytosis
20 scenario in which water leaves cells placed in hypertonic solutions
21 carrier protein in animal cells requiring influx of sodium ions concurrent with efflux of potassium ions with
accompanying dephosphorylation of ATP
22 the pressure that water molecules exert against the cell wall
23 membrane-bound organelle formed from a pouch in the plasma membranes that has been pinched off
Chapter 6: Photosynthesis, pp 113-124
1 autotroph; 2 C4 pathway; 3 CAM; 4 Calvin cycle; 5 carbon fixation; 6 carotenoid; 7 chemiosmosis;
8 chlorophylls; 9 chloroplast; 10 electron transport chain; 11granum; 12 heterotroph; 13 light reaction;
14 photosynthesis; 15 photosystem; 16 pigment; 17 primary electron acceptor; 18 stomata; 19 stroma;
20 thylakoid
ABBREVIATIONS USED: “cpd(s)” = compound(s); “CH2Os” = carbohydrates
1. Organisms that use energy from sunlight or chemical bonds in inorganic substances to make organic cpds
2. alternative pathway allowing certain plants to fix CO2 into 4-C cpds
3. alternative water-saving pathway of carbon fixation used by cactuses, pineapples, & others
4. series of enzyme-assisted chemical reactions producing a 3-C cpd using CO2 & the energy of ATP & NADPH
5. the incorporation of CO2 into organic cpds
6. pigments that absorb green, yellow, orange, & brown
7. process by which ATP is synthesized, based on the proton concentration gradient across thylakoid membranes
8. pigments that absorb (a) purple & red light more than blue and (b) blue & orange light more than red
9. plant/ algae organelles in which chlorophyll resides, & thus, the light reaction occurs
10. series of molecules located in thylakoid membranes to which the primary electron acceptor donates electrons
11. a stack of connected, layered, and flattened thylakoid membranes
12. organisms that must get energy from food instead of directly from sun or inorganic substances
13. light energy absorbed from the sun in converted to chemical energy, stored temporarily in ATP & NADPH
14. process that converts sunlight energy into chemical energy in the form of organic compounds, mostly CH2Os
15. each cluster of pigment molecules & the proteins in which they are embedded
16. compounds that absorb light
17. the acceptor of the electrons lost from chlorophyll a
18. small pores, usually located on the underside of leaves, through which CO2 enters & O2 exits plants
19. a solution surrounding the grana
20. membranes system inside the inner membranes of chloroplasts
Chapter 7: Cellular Respiration, pp 131-144
1 acetyl CoA; 2 aerobic respiration; 3 alcoholic fermentation; 4 anaerobic; 5 cellular respiration; 6 citric acid;
7 FAD; 8 fermentation; 9 glycolysis; 10 kilocalorie; 11 Krebs cycle; 12 lactic acid fermentation;
13 mitochondrial matrix; 14 NAD+; 15 NADH; 16 oxaloacetic acid; 17 pyruvic acid
1 product of pyruvic acid and coenzyme A in aerobic respiration within the mitochondrial matrix
2 process requiring O2 in which pyruvic acid is metabolized to yield 36 ATP
3 process converting pyruvic acid into ethyl alcohol in some plants & unicellular organisms with NADH NAD+
4 not requiring oxygen
5 complex process in which cells make ATP by breaking down organic compounds
6 a 6-C compound produced from the combination of acetyl CoA and oxaloacetic acid in the Krebs cycled
7 flavin dinucleotide; is electron acceptor during redox reactions
8 anaerobic process in which pyruvic acid is converted into other compounds, generating NAD+
9 an anaerobic process by which cells convert organic compounds into pyruvic acid + ATP + NADH
10 measurement of energy equal to one thousand calories
11 biochemical pathway that breaks down acetyl CoA  CO2 + H + ATP
12 enzyme converts pyruvic acid into lactic acid with NADH  NAD+
13 the space inside the inner mitochondrial membrane
14 oxidized nicotinamide adenine dihydrogenase
15 nicotinamide adenine dihydrogenase; an electron carrier molecule in cellular respiration
16 a 4-C compound that combines with acetyl CoA
17 a 3-C molecule produced in glycolysis & needed for aerobic & anaerobic processes following glycolysis
Citric acid
Pyruvic acid
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
NAD+
NADH
FAD
Adenosine
Ribose
Glucose
FADH2