The Union in Crisis Chapter 10 1850-1861 Page 322 Section 1 Slavery, State’s Rights, and Westward Expansion • Obj: Contrast the economies, societies and political views of North and South • Describe the role of the Free Soil Party in election of 1848 • Analyze the Compromise of 1850 • With addition of new territories, slavery would once again divide the nation Mason Dixon Line • The Ohio River was boundary between slave a free states west of Appalachian mountains • Mason Dixon Line border between Pennsylvania and Maryland- divided slave and free in the east Sectional differences • North- relied on business and trade – Abolitionist movement gaining momentum • South- Relied on agriculture – Production of cotton labor intensive – South needed slavery • Racism was common in north and south Differences • Wilmot Proviso kept issue of slavery at forefront • Slavery by 1860 ended in North • Minority of North aboitionists – Slavery was good for economy – Northern workers feared competition for jobs • South- Slavery beneficial for everyone- slave and owner Election of 1848 • Spread of slavery main issue • Whigs- Zachary Taylor- avoid slavery, popular sovereignty • Democrats- Lewis Cass- same as whigs • Free Soil Party- Martin Van Buren- free soil, free speech, free labor and free men • Taylor won by a small margin • Free soil had won 10%- scared the south Impact of Mexican War • Growing population tipped balance of power in House of Reps to Free states • South didn’t want Free states to gain control of Senate • After Mexican war, California wanted to be admitted as free state • South talked of seceding Compromise • 1850- Calhoun, Webster, and Clay would once again try to solve the nations issue on slavery • Clay would come up with a compromise • Webster would support • Calhoun would argue against- threaten to secede. • All three very old Conflict • Senator Thomas Hart Benton vs. Henry Foote • 2 day long speech • Stephan A. Douglas took charge to get enough support Compromise of 1850 • Henry Clay brain child • 1. California be admitted as free state • 2. Rest of Mexican territory would decide themselves – Texas give up New Mexico for 10 million • 3. Slave Trade abolished in Washington • 4. Fugitive slave Law- Northerners had to help return runaway slaves • Both sides disliked the compromise Section 2: A Rising Tide of Protest and Violence • Obj: Analyze why the fugitive slave act increased tension • Assess how the Kansas-Nebraska Act was seen differently by the north and south • Explain why fighting broke out in Kansas Compromise of 1850 did NOT solve the issue A. Resistance • North dislikes enforcing fugitive slave law • Pass personal liberty laws- nullify Federal laws • Slave catchers Roam North- capture free and runaways • Could sue- Judges swayed to rule with slave owners • Christian Riot?? B. Underground Railroad • Underground Railroad? • Conductors? • Stations? • Harriet Tubman- Black Moses- made two dozen trips into south leading slaves north • One slave- Mail? The Crisis Deepens • A. Uncle Tom’s Cabin • Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852 • Described life of two slaves – Uncle Tom- described abuse by master – Eliza- describe flight to Freedom • Alerted people “on the fence” about the atrocities of slavery • Sold 300,000 copies first year Kansas Nebraska Act • Kansas Nebraska Act organizes territory so TCR can be build- 1854 • Decided both territories popular sovereignty will decide free or slave • Nebraska- Free • Kansas- going to be a close call Bleeding Kansas • Kansas becomes battleground • 7,000 pro-slavery men invade territory to stuff ballot boxes • Free soilers also descend on the territory • Violence Breaks out • 1856- proslavery thugs burn down Lawrence Kansas • Several hundred settlers would be killed Bleeding Kansas Cont. • 2 state gov’ts set up and four different constitutions sent in to be approved • Meanwhile, John Brown executes 5 proslavery men • Charles Sumner attacked by Preston Brooks • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QuT3kBw17o0 • Congress refused to admit Kansas as a state • Would enter as Free in 1861 Section 3 Political Realignment Deepens Crisis • Obj: Analyze how deepening sectional distrust affected the nations politics • Compare the positions of Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas on slavery • Explain the effect of John Brown’s raid on the slavery debate • The issue of slavery starts pulling the U.S. apart at the seems A. Shifting Politics • Whigs last president would be Millard Filmore in 1852 • Whig party would fall apart as slavery separated the party • Know Nothing Party would arise as more immigrants came into the country • Republican Party would be born in 1854 – Attracted anti slavery democrats, whigs, free soilers and know nothings B. Election of 1856 • Reps- nominate John C. Fremont • Dems. James Buchanan- north, and John C. Breckinridge- from south • Buchanan would win, but Reps and anti slavery won 1/3 of popular vote Dred Scott Decision • Scott was slave who sued for freedom • Slave owner took him into free states- should be free • Supreme court ruled- Roger B. Taney- chief Justice • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9j3lKSs2ZoA – Dred Scott is not a citizen- property – Slaves and descendants are property – Rule Missouri Compromise unconstitutional- slavery can spread if people want it – Cant take away people’s property without due process Lincoln Douglas Debates • Argued about the legitimacy of slavery and popular sovereignty • Lincoln- against slavery and popular sovereignty- slavery is a moral wrong • Douglas- little giant- for popular sovereignty and protection of slavery • Douglas won Senate election, but Lincoln gained great reputation that would help him become president John Brown Attacks • John Brown- possibly a little unstable- Claimed God called him to end slavery • Tried to start a slave Revolt in the South-1859 • Took over U.S. arsenal at Harper’s Ferry • Expected slaves to rally to him- they do not • Revolt put down • John Brown hung • Looked on as a martyr in North • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bB_kbFAui-U Section 4 Lincoln, Secession, and War • Obj: Compare the candidates in the election of 1860, and analyze the results • Analyze why southern states seceded from the Union • Assess the events that led to the outbreak of war • The election of 1860 threatened to destory the Union Election of 1860 • A. Election of 1860 – Election of 1860 is pivotal time in Nation – 4 Candidates – Abraham Lincoln-Rep- against spread of slavery – John C Breckinridge- Southern Dem- protect spread of slavery and state’s rights – Stephen Douglas- Northern Dem- popular sovereignty – John Bell- Constitution party- compromise- save union • • • • • • • • Two different Elections Abraham Lincoln takes 60% of North Breckinridge takes majority of South Douglas and Bell do well only in border states Lincoln wins South goes into hysteria South Carolina first to secede- Dec 20 1860 More would follow Confederacy Established • Feb 1861- Confederate States of America established • 7 southern states: • Jefferson Davis Prez • Capitol was Richmond Virginia • Believed they had the right to leave Union • Constitution almost like U.S. constitution but stressed states rights • Protect slavery Last Minute Compromise • Secret meeting in Washington • Crittenden Compromise• Allow slavery below line in Missouri compromise • Reimburse slave owners for runaway slaves • FAILED Failure to Compromise • Lincoln Inaugurated • Said he would not allow the union to dissolve • Stop the spread of slavery, but said nothing about eliminating slavery altogether • But what should Lincoln do about southern U.S. forts Fort Sumter • Fort Sumter and Fort Pickens in the south and need resupply • Lincoln decides to send supplies • April 6, 1861, South Carolina gunners open up on Fort Sumter • Shell for 30 hours • Union soldiers surrender • Civil War has begun • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zoj_fNAn9OE Conclusion Fall of Fort- Lincoln calls up 75,000 volunteer troops Four more southern states secede South raises an army Both sides thought war would be short.