Cattle Kingdom/ Frontier War Notes
Spanish Origins
*The _________________ first brought cattle & horses to Texas
-By early 1800’s: nearly __________________ wild longhorns in TX
-Spaniards allowed their cattle to roam the plains freely & marked their cows with a _______________
to show ______________________.
The First Cattle Ranchers in TX:
First ranchers: Spanish ________________ and __________________!
-1820’s: _____________________ entered the business & soon ______________________ ways of
____________________-_______________ _________________ – riding, roping, herding, and branding.
-Early ranchers faced many problems: _______________, _______________, _________________, and
finding markets for their stock.
Influence of the Civil War
Civil War changed the TX ______________ ______________
-Union _______________ increased need for food & demand for TX _____________.
-Blockade made it ___________________ to ship beef _____________ _________ ____________ >>>>
industry ________________ >>>> longhorns _______________ the plains __________________.
Influence of the Civil War
*End of War marked cattle _______________!
-New markets opened
-As population _________________, demand _____________________!
-During war, cattle __________________ in North & _________________greatly in Texas.
-By _______________ millions of longhorns roamed TX & worth only _______________________ in TX
-In East, sold for _____________________ each!! ______________________!
*Large ______________ and high ____________________ created great ___________________!
*Cattle boom helped TX __________________ from the ______________________!
Cattle Trails
*Northern demand for beef led to rise of cattle trails
Roundup – _________________________________________________________
Cowboys drove herds ____________________ to towns with _______________________________
Cattle sent by rail to _______________________ states where they would be
__________________________ for _______________________.
Cattle Trails
*Problems:
-____________________ weather, river crossings, ______________, stampedes, extreme heat,
Indian attacks, cattle _________________.
-Farmers ______________________ the cattle ___________________ their crops
-Claimed longhorns spread _____________________ called ____________________ to their
cows
Life on the Trail
Cowboys rounded up the cattle in the _____________________
-____________________ and _____________________ cattle into herds
-Average trail herd: ____________________!
-Cowboys ranged from ________________, including cook and scout, and ____________________ of
fresh horses
-__________________ (manager) picked route & was _____________________ for success of drive –
made ______________________ or more
-_____________________ received about ________________ a month
-_____________________ earned only ______________________ a month
Life on the Trail
Herd moved ________________ miles a day
-guard duty at __________________
-Most cowboys – _____________________________ (small build)
-2 out of 3 were Anglos – rest African Americans, ______________________, Mexicans, Indians, and few
______________________!
-Spent up to ________________________ straight in a saddle…ouch!
Big Ranches
*Late 1870’s – land & cattle companies owned over ____________________ the land in West Texas!
-Ranchers soon enclosed their land – ___________________large cattle drives
-King Ranch
-Charles Goodnight’s JA Ranch
-XIT Ranch
*_______________________, _______________________, and _______________________ranches
expanded in Texas.
Closing of the Western Frontier
-With Indians now on ______________________, conflict arose among settlers about
_________________ ______________________.
Barbed Wire
-1874: Illinois farmer, ________________ _________________ is credited with an effective design of
barbed wire
-Metal was light, strong, cheap
-Barbed wire ____________________ Texas _____________________…
Ranchers strung _______________________ of miles of it across TX
-The open range no longer existed by the _________________. It was fenced in.
Fence Cutting Wars
-__________________ cattle owners wanted the open range again where cattle had access to
_____________ and ____________________- cut fences!
-Threatened ranchers, ___________________pastures
-Caused damages around ________________________
-_____________________, Texas made it a __________________ to cut a fence!
-End of the decade, ______________________ brought an end to _______________ _____________
___________________.
Frontier Wars
Main Idea:
After the Civil War, the U.S. fought a series of wars against the Indians living in TX. The defeat of the
Indians opened West TX to white settlement.
A History of Conflict
Soldiers Defending Texas
After the __________________, the U.S. government sent troops to help end the
________________________.
In ________________, tribal leaders met with government officials to sign the _______________
______________ _____________________.
The treaty did not bring ________________.
A History of Conflict
Reservation Policy
___________________ raided a wagon train at Salt Creek in the _____________ ____________
___________________.
Army _________________ its policy.
The army would now _________________ all Indians onto ___________________.
Fighting in Texas ______________________.
The Frontier Wars in the TX Panhandle
U.S. Strategies
Soldiers _______________ Indian villages.
Troops captured ________________, _______________, and other supplies.
Soldiers burned the ____________________ and killed the ___________________.
The army brought in ______________ _________________ to destroy the Indians’ major
_________________ _______________.
The buffalo hunters nearly drove the animal to ___________________ (complete destruction).
Frontier Wars in the TX Panhandle
Red River War
The _______________________, joined in with Red River War.
By destroying the Native Americans’ ______________ and _________________ supply, U.S. troops were
able to __________________ them.
The Frontier Wars in Southern TX
The end of the ____________________________ did not stop the __________________ in Texas:
Rio Grande Campaigns - Apache leader __________________ led Indian raids across the Southwest and
Mexico.
Buffalo Soldiers - Buffalo Soldiers were ______________________ soldiers who fought in the Frontier
Wars
Frontier Wars in Southern TX
Cattle ______________ were common
Cattle ranchers ________________ against sheep ranchers
Bandits ________________ South Texas towns
The _____________________ helped control some of these problems.