Industrial Revolution, Social
Change, Nationalism &
Imperialism
SSWH15
Industrial Revolution
• Began in Great Britain 1780s
• Why Britain?
– Change in agricultural practices
• More farmland, good weather, better transport, new crops
(potato)
• Meant population growth
• Meant more families could buy manufactured goods
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Population growth meant labor force
Ready money supply (capital) to invest
Natural resources were plentiful
Had markets to which they could sell
• All of this made manufacturers start looking to
increase production
Process in Britain
• Conditions were favorable.
• Progression of event & inventions just kept
the process moving.
SO IT GOES SOMETHING LIKE THIS:
1) Agricultural improvements led to surplus
food.
2) Surplus food led to population growth
3) Population growth led to a) labor pool and
b) market to sell goods.
4) Inventions begin making production
easier, faster, and more efficient
A) first in cotton (textiles)
b) in coal and iron industries
c) in railroads
5) Extra capital is reinvested and business
keeps growing.
• Innovations (Inventions) of the Industrial Revolution
– Spinning jenny (James Hargreaves)
• Spun thread faster
– Water powered loom (Edmund Cartwright)
• Weave fabric faster to keep up with the spinning.
– Steam engine (James Watt)
• Made machines run faster
• Increased the demand for coal
– Railroads
• Increase demand for iron
• Made transportation of products easier, so factories moved
inland & away from direct water access.
• Impact of Industrial Revolution
– Growth of cities
• More population (increased food, decreased death
rate, disease & wars)
• Movement of people to cities for work
– 2 new classes of people:
• Industrial middle class (factory owners)
• Industrial working class (factory workers)
– 12-16 hr/day, 6 days/wk – ½ hour lunch/dinner
– Harsh conditions
– A large portion of workforce were women and
children (limited to above age 9 in 1833)
Germany
• The Industrial Revolution began about a
century later in Germany than it did in
England.
– Germany did not exist as a unified political
unit until 1871 after the Franco-Prussian War.
• Germany focused on nationalistic identity,
which created a push for economic &
industrial growth.
Germany
• Historians believe Germany came to replace the Great
Britain as the primary industrial nation because of four
factors:
– Germany was able to model its factories after those of Britain,
saving a substantial amount of capital, effort, and time.
– Germany made use of the latest technological concepts and
invested more in science and research.
– The German banking system was a cartel, and being
significantly concentrated, was able to make more efficient use
of money.
– Results of Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71
• Reparation payments provided the needed capital to allow massive
public investments in infrastructure like railways, creating both
market for steel products and facilitated transportation once
installed.
• annexation of Alsace-Lorraine gave Germany a number of large
factories
Germany
• Industry, particularly heavy industry, boomed.
– Iron became the major thrust of industrial growth
– By 1900 Germany had surpassed Britain in the
manufacture of steel.
• build railroads, a mighty merchant fleet, machinery for
domestic use and export and, of course, armaments.
• The major accomplishment for Germany: the
electrical and chemical industry.
– electrification of Germany, including an extensive
trolley system and over-land power-transmission
stations.
Impact of Industrial Revolution
for Germany
• Urbanization (growth of cities)
• Migration (movement from the country to
the city)
• Nationalism (extreme pride in country)
Japan
• Industrialization was a movement of the
Meiji Restoration after the decline of the
shogunate.
– military reforms to modernize Japan's army
and established the foundation for
industrialization.
– internal infrastructure was created
– guilds and internal tariffs were abolished
– clear title to land was granted to individuals.
Japan
– Lack of capital dictated direct government
involvement in the stages of industrialization.
– Japan established the Ministry of Industry in
1870 to oversee economic development.
• Built model factories to provide experience with
new technology.
• Education was extended as a means of developing
a work force.
• Private enterprise soon joined government
initiatives, particularly in textiles.
Japan
• Japan's tried to limited foreign involvement, but
– depended on importation of equipment and
raw materials from the West.
– depended on the existence of a cheap supply
of labor, often drawn from poorly paid women.
– depended on selling manufactured goods
abroad.
Impact of the Industrial Revolution
on Japan
• Initially, rapid population growth that
strained Japanese resources but
sustained a ready supply of cheap labor.
• education system stressed science and
loyalty to the emperor.
• Western culture arrived in Japan along
with models of constitutional structure and
industrialization.
Impact of the Industrial Revolution
on Japan
• As industrialization progressed, population
growth dropped off.
• Patriarchal households remained the
norm, but divorce rates indicated
increasing instability within family life.
• Movement toward imperialism emerged.
– Searching for raw materials,
– Trying to prevent Western encroachment
• Movement toward nationalism to keep
from losing distinctive Japanese identity.
Conditions Created by
Industrialization
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Growing gap between rich and poor.
Increased wealth
Increased demand for goods & territories.
Increased competition between nations.
Increased ties to national identities.
Socialism
• Society (government) owns & controls
means of production
• Developed as an idea to get rid of
competition to promote equality of all
people
• Changed a little by Karl Marx
Karl Marx
• Recognized the importance of class divisions in
society
– Class that owns means of production is the ruling
class
– To gain control, the lower classes would have to
revolt, so class conflict was inevitable
• Stages of economic life: primitive, slave, feudal,
capitalism, communism
– Capitalism is just a temporary stage
– Proletariat was the truly productive class, would revolt
& start new society without government, private
property & classes leading to Communism
Adam Smith
• Wealth of Nations introducing laissez-faire
economics
– Natural forces of supply & demand without
government intervention make economy work
best
– Let people pursue their own self-interest & the
economy will be successful
Urbanization
• Urbanization: the growth of cities
(particularly after the beginning of the
Industrial Revolution)
• Impact on Women
– Working Condition
• Women made up a significant portion of the
workforce
• Low pay
• Workdays were long and hard
• Workers rights were nonexistent
Urbanization
• Impact on Women continued…
– Began to be included in education laws
• Women’s colleges open
– Mount Holyoke Female Seminary (1837)
– Economic equality led women to demand
political equality
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B Anthony
Nationalism
• People become aware of being part of a
community (common institutions,
traditions, languages, and customs) called
a Nation.
– Loyalty shifts from dynasty, monarchy, ruling
unit to the nation
• Germans, who had many political units
throughout Europe, began to want to
become a nation-state – turned to Prussia
Rise of Germany
• After the Napoleonic Wars, the Congress
of Vienna laid out new lines of countries in
Europe and recognizes a German
Confederation – a collection of countries
that shared a Germanic ancestry.
• Two major powers, Prussia and Austria,
claimed German leadership.
– Both spoke German language
– Both followed traditional German folk
customs.
Otto Von Bismarck
• Represented Prussia in the German
Confederation from 1851
• Ambassador to Russia & France in late
1850s
• Named Prussia’s chief minister in 1862 by
King Wilhelm I
• As chief minister, saw the nationalistic
desires of his people as the opportunity to
create expanding power for Prussia.
– To do that he needed to eliminate Austria’s
influence.
Otto Von Bismarck
• Created Realpolitik, meaning practical
politics.
– Determined to strengthened Prussia by any
means necessary
– Alliances are convenient and could be
dissolved to exploit and opportunity
– Supported democracy to gain internal support
– Collected taxes to build the military despite
the disapproval of the Prussian legislature.
Otto Von Bismarck
• Became active in foreign affairs, which
eventually led to war.
– Created alliances with the southern German
states to protect them from France
– Franco-Prussian War: defeated France in
1871
• took Alsace & Lorraine
• $1 billion in reparations
• Southern German states joined Northern German
Confederation creating a unified German kingdom.
– Wilhelm I was named Kaiser (Emperor)
– Set up a 2 house legislature
Otto Von Bismarck
• Became active in foreign affairs, which
eventually led to war.
– Created alliances with the southern German
states to protect them from France
– Franco-Prussian War: defeated France in
1871
• took Alsace & Lorraine
• $1 billion in reparations
• Southern German states joined Northern German
Confederation creating a unified German kingdom.
– Wilhelm I was named Kaiser (Emperor)
– Set up a 2 house legislature
Japanese Nation-State
• In 1868, the people (daimyo & samurai) of
Japan ended the Tokugawa Shogunate and
reinstated the emperor. Japan was at the time
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militarily weak
primarily agricultural
little technological development
controlled by hundreds of semi-independent feudal
lords (daimyos)
– had been forced by the West to sign treaties
• limiting its control over its own foreign trade
• requiring that crimes concerning foreigners in Japan be tried
in Western courts.
Japanese Nation-State
• The emperor (Mutsuhito) moved to making
Japan a modern nation-state
• Called the Meiji (may-jee) Restoration
– Undercut old order power
• Created a modern political system after studying
the models of Britain, France, Germany & USA
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Constitution
Modeled after Germany
2 house legislative assembly
Executive Branch had most power
» Emperor (figure head)
» Prime minister & cabinet (most power)
Japanese Nation-State
– Undercut old order power
• Convinced daimyos to give land in exchange for
government bonds for their value & made them
governors over the land instead. – prefectures in a
unified state
• declared all classes to be equal.
• Disbanded regional armies and created a national
army based on universal conscription in 1872
– required three years’ military service from all men
Japanese Nation-State
– Economic Reform
• opened land for private ownership and established
a 3% land tax system requiring payment in money
instead of rice
– allowed a stable, national budget to build up the strength
of the nation.
» Helped industry through subsidies
» Training & advisors
» New education system stressing applied science and
moral training (loyalty to the emperor)
» Improved transportation & communication (rail,
telegraph, shipping, etc.)
Japanese Nation-State
• By the end, Japan had
– a highly centralized, bureaucratic government
– a constitution establishing an elected
parliament
– a well-developed transport and
communication system
– a highly educated population free of feudal
class restriction
– an established and rapidly growing industrial
sector based on the latest technology
– a powerful army and navy
Reaction for Foreign
Domination
• How do people respond to a foreign nation
that comes in to take over?
• What have you witnessed in your lifetime?
Historical Examples
• Russo-Japanese War
– Japanese defeat the Russians in naval battles over
ports in the Liaodong Peninsula (Manchuria China)
– Russia harbors negative feelings toward Japan about
the high human and financial cost of the war
• Young Turks
– A group of ethnic Turks who called for reform of the
Ottoman Empire, maintaining a constitutional
government there
– They faced challenges from many ethnic Turks who
wanted to unite all Turkish people in a nation state
Imperialism
• Definition: extension of a nation’s power over
other lands (political, economic, & social)
• Factors leading to Imperialism
– Nationalism (pride in national identity)
– Competitiveness - my country is better than your
country
– Industrial Revolution
• (need for markets and materials)
– Social Darwinism
• (survival of the fittest culture)
Imperialism
• Ways to gain imperial lands
– Make treaties with residents
– Purchase lands
– Conquer by force
• British Imperialism
– “The sun never sets on the British Empire”
– Africa
• David Livingston – purpose: spread Christianity
• Cecil Rhodes – profit from gold & diamond trade in
South Africa
• Anglo-Boar War (1899-1902) – created an
independent Union of South Africa
– India
• British ruled for many years, forcing Christianity &
European customs on Indian people – led to
rebellion
• French Imperialism
– Vietnam
• Sent missionaries but Vietnam tried to stop
• Ended up dividing country into two separate
governments
• 1857 – forced Vietnam to accept French protection
& made it a Protectorate
• Differences between British & French
– British ruled through existing political elites &
institutions
– French tried to assimilate their subjects into
French culture
• Imperialism in the Americas
– Europe wanted to colonize in the Americas
– Led to Monroe Doctrine (by USA) in 1823
• Protected new independence of Latin American
countries
• Told other countries to not try to colonize there
• US pledged to fight if any country tried to violate
those two things
– Spanish-America War
• US defeated Spain
– Won Puerto Rico, Guam and Philippines
– Created an empire for the US.
• Japanese Imperialism
– Japan was small, had dense population, and lacked
natural resources
– They learned from the West that expansion was
needed
– Became aggressive
• Took Ryukyu Island from China - 1874
• Forced Korean ports open to trade - 1876
• China-Japan war over influence in Korea
– Japan won - 1894
– Freed Korea from China
– Gained Taiwan & Liaodong Peninsula
• Russia-Japan war over influence in Korea
– Japan won – 1905
– Gained Liaodong Peninsula & ½ of Sakhalin
– Established themselves as world power