Gender & Peace Operations
Prepared by Janet M Eaton
POSI, June 11, 2003
Outline of Presentation
• Introduction
• Gender and Culture
• Gender and Politics
• Gender and Militarism
• Trends in the New World (Dis) Order
• Gender and Armed Conflict
• History of Gender Issues and International Law –
• Why Women in Peace Support Operations?
• Gender in the New World (Dis) Order – Witness Iraq
Introduction
Gender must be recognized as a vital component of
plans and programs to avoid, mitigate and resolve
conflict situations, and to build sustainable peace. To do
an effective job, everyone involved in PSOs, NGOs,
governments, militaries, police and humanitarian
agencies must understand the gender dimension of
conflict.
http://www.genderandpeacekeeping.org/menu-e.asp
Introduction
•
Training for Gender responsive Peace Operations is part of a
growing movement to deal with gender issues related to peace and
security.
• There is an increasing realization that when the work of Peace
Support Operations is analyzed from a gender perspective , many
of the problems associated with traditional methods of operation
come into focus.
• It is widely acknowledged that no intervention is neutral.
Therefore it is desirable to ensure that the interventions of the
international community do not compromise the human rights of
women, men and children and that they succeed in protecting
http://www.genderandpeacekeeping.org/
Introduction
This presentation focuses on gender issues
affecting women and girls from the perspective
of the vulnerabilities of women in militaristic
environments, and strengths that women bring
to the peace process both as peace keepers and
civilians.
Gender
Sex - identifies biological
characteristics
Gender
• Describes the social
behaviours and roles societies
assigned to men & women
because of their sex e.g.
• Child bearing sex related
• Childrearing is gender
related
Source: Vickers, Jill. Reinventing
Political Science. A Feminist
Perspective. Halifax: Fernwood. 2000.
.
Photo Credit RAWA
Gender
Gender is a wide term, originating in the assumption of socially
constructed femininities and masculinities. It also entails a society’s
social power relations.
.
Source: Olsson & Trygg. 2001. Women International peacekeeping.
Introduction p. 3
Gender refers to the socially constructed roles and responsibilities of
women and men. It includes the expectations held about the
characteristics, aptitudes and likely behaviours of both men and
women (femininity and masculinity) These roles and expectrations are
learned , changeable over time and variable within and between
cultures.
Source: CIDA Gender Equality and Peacebuilding: An Operational
Framework p.2
Gender & Culture Perspectives
1.
Gender is about the social roles and relations between men and women
I.e who does what work and how decisions made.
2.
Gender varies over time and across cultures .
3.
Gender is multi-dimensional, influencing economic, political, and
social interactions and needs.
4.
Understanding gender also involves understanding power and how it
is used and shared
5.
Gender includes assumptions, expectations, and obligations about men
and women
6.
Gender is institutionalized and enacted at the level of the family,
community, and the State
Source Gender & Peacekeeping Course, DFAIT
http://www.genderandpeacekeeping.org/instructor-e.asp
Gender & Culture
•
Our cultural background, experiences and education influences our
assumptions, expectations, understanding, and belief systems, in
other words our ‘world view’.
•
One researcher, Dr. Paul Ray, who studied value
. systems,
categorized them as traditional, modern and post modern or
culturally creative. These three value systems closely parallel
different world views.
•
World views are predictors of cultural expectations, power
relationships, gender role expectations among other things
•
Peace support operations take place in many cultural contexts, in a
post-modern world where world views are changing and merging
and a return to stability and security must be consistent with the
cultural realities. It is important to have an appropriate awareness
of these cultural differences and to understand the gender
dimensions of culture and world views.
•
Source: Dr. Paul Ray and Sherri Anderson. 2001. The Cultural Creative [
See also slides at end of presentation for more on this subject
Gender & Culture Perspectives
•
.
Our own world view and cultural framework influences
the way we perceive the world. We might call this our lens.
•
It is important to see the situation through the a culturally
appropriate lens and to be sensitive to the differences
•
This is especially true when it comes to gender.
Gender - as Politics & Power
Political scientists agree
that
.
politics is about power !
Politics flows through all social relationships it is the cement that holds relationships
together – it is the friction that
tears them apart !
Source: Janine Bodie [Ed] Critical Concepts –An Introduction
to Politics. 2001
Gender - as Politics & Power
Patriarchy
One form of power relationship that is used in
gender analysis is patriarchy !
• A state of social development characterized by
the supremacy of the father in the clan or family
• Male-dominated and generally hierarchical
social structures including the church, military,
corporations
Source: Vickers, Jill. Reinventing Political Science. A Feminist
Perspective. Halifax: Fernwood. 2000.
Global Dimensions of Patriarchy
Patriarchy is not simply a phenomenon
restricted to male dominance in the family
but as an organizing principle of the entire
global system.
- Prof. Asoka Bandarage
Source: Bandarage, Asoka. 1997. Women, Population and Global Crisis,
A Political Economic Analysis. London Zed Books.
Political Power Relationships
Power Type
Power Over
Patriarchy
Men over Women
Racism
Anthropomorphism
White over Colour
Ethnic hatreds
Man over Nature
Corporatism
Corporate over Citizen
Capitalism
Capital over workers
Colonialism
North over South
Militarism
Military over people
Gendered ‘isms’
All of the ism’s listed on the previous slide have gender
discriminatory dimensions as well !
•
Racism – Mary Robinson, former Dir. UNCHR
• Anthropomorphism – Prof. Asoka Bandarage
• Global capitalism i.e. Corporate Globalization –
Feminization of Poverty -widely used concept
• Neo-colonialism - Dr. Vandana Shiva
•
Militarism - WILPF, UNIFEM,
Which means that women and girls may face greater
abuse of human rights in situations where these forms of
power exist.
Militarism
Militarism is traditionally viewed as: military
spirit, pursuit of military ideas; domination by
the military in the formulation of policies,
ideals, etc especially on a political level; a
policy of maintaining a strong military
organization in aggressive preparedness
for war.'
Source : Collins English Dictionary. 1996. 2nd Edition
Militarism
Militarism as a process has both material and ideological
manifestations. These vary in different cultures but there are
some common elements. The material forms of militarism
which are evident around the world include wars and direct
military interventions, destabilization of other countries
through proxy armies, foreign-sponsored coups, foreign and
colonial occupation, military rule and abuse of human rights.
Its institutional manifestations include the armed forces and
government t budgets which devote a disproportionate
amount of money to the military. Militarization is the
"gradual encroachment of the military institution into the
civilian arena," including, military contracts or the state
relying on the military to solve its unemployment problems.
Militarism
Militarism encompasses much more than just the armed
forces of a state and their activities. It is an ideology of power
affecting governments with different political objectives and
it’s influence can become part of a social process which
penetrates all areas of a society… Militarism involves a
willingness on the part of states to realize their policies
through deliberate and organized use of physical force. …
War is not a continuous state of humanity, nor is it something
which creates itself or "just happens." It is a direct result of
militarism, and should be seen in that light.
Source: Burke , Colleen. 2000. Women and Militarism. Women's International
League for Peace & Freedom [WILPF]. 2000.
Militarism
The ideological manifestations of militarism
include a dissemination of military values,
symbols and language among the civilian
population which promotes acceptance of
hierarchies, nationalism which defines the
"other" as enemy, violence as a legitimate
means of resolving conflicts, and strict division
of proper masculine and feminine roles.
Source: Burke , Colleen. 2000. Women and Militarism. Women's
International League for Peace & Freedom [WILPF]. 2000.
Global Impacts –of Globalization
and Militarism
End of Century Trends of the New World (Dis) order
are discouraging for they indicate that fear,
increasing violence, instability, and complex
emergencies are on the rise, all of which contribute to
the need for greater understanding of the gender
differences in regard to economic globalization, war,
impacts of war and the realities of maintaining,
building and keeping peace in the world .
* Let us quickly scan some of those realities. *
End of Century Trends
“AT the DAWN OF the NEW
MILLENIUM We are caught in a
relentless spiral of violence and selfdestruction - a planet desperately out of
balance”
Source: Asoka Bandarage. 1997. Women, Population &
Global Crisis: A Political Economic Analysis.
Globalization & MilitarismOverall Impacts
• In sharp contrast to the peaceful New World Order
envisioned at the end of the Cold War - the world is
now experiencing an intensification of 'complex
emergencies' combining armed conflicts with collapse
of economic, political, and social institutions,
environmental destruction, poverty , displacement and
massive slaughter.
Source : Bandarage Ibid
Globalization - Is it good ?
• Global Communication
• Increased knowledge transfer
• Technology and innovation spreading
• Global Village
• Increased prosperity for some
• Evolution of Higher Order Value systems - Cultural
Creative
• Growth of the Global Democracy Movement/ Global
Justice Movement/ Global Peace Movement and
alternatives to economic and militaristic violence.
Globalization –Is it bad ?
• Growing Global economic disparity & inequity within
nation states & across North /South divide.
• Increasing Global Insecurity –terrorism, disease,
natural disasters threaten survival
• Environmental Destruction threatens survival
• War & Armed Conflict Rising –threaten survival
• Diminishment of arms control, growth in arms trade,
WMD, etc threaten survival
• Increase in refugees, un-natural disasters
• Increase in human rights violations
• Increase in women’s human rights violations
Globalization’s Impact –IMF
• Privatizes services - requiring fees for service in many
cases
• Massive cuts to public sector- health, education, social
services
• Claw backs in protective legislation
• Cuts in environment always first to go
• Cuts food subsidies - favours agribusiness
• Encourages export crops - vegetables, flowers-orchids
etc., agribusiness, fish farming etc
Environmental Destruction
• Global Water Crisis [Wars of future]
• Overfishing [10% remaining]
• Deforestation
• Desertification –grasslands , rangelands retreat
• Topsoil erosion
• Depletion ozone layer
• Accumulation greenhouse gases
• Loss of biodiversity –species extinction
• Acid rain, Air, Land, Water Pollution
• Radiation - DU, electromagnetic etc
Source : Lester Brown. 2000. Eco-Economy
Environmental Destruction
•Consider that the impacts are due to two
major human activities
• Economic development exacerbated by
neoliberal economic policies
• Militarism and War
Displaced Peoples
• Number of displaced persons in the world
increasing at alarming as consequence of
globalization and militarism:
• Economic globalization [fossil fuel economy] is
exacerbating global warming creating storms,
rising sea levels displacing millions
• Economic globalization is displacing millions
through ‘big dam ‘ projects-mega projects corporate model
Globalization’s Impact -WB
Big Dams -A Roy
“Big dams are monuments to political
corruption and power. They are
technologically obsolete, ecologically
dangerous and economically unviable.
They are most devastating. Like a silent
war''.
-- Arundhati Roy
Displaced Peoples
• Economic globalization is displacing millions
from rural area through SAPS- structural
adjustment programs which favour
urbanization and take away means of
subsistence survival
• Militarism - war, armed conflict is displacing
millions
• Arms trade is mitigating against democracy in
many third world countries and destabilizing
the world leading to mass migrations
Hunger & Disease
• Millions of people are dying of hunger disease,
and war . UN reports show that
• 1.6 billion people are faring worse than at the
beginning of the 1980s. and that
• Over 820 million people are undernourished
• The vast majority, 790 million of them live in the
Developing World.
• Positive developments - Brazil’s special program
Zero Hunger !
War and Armed Conflict Rising
• The National Defense Council Foundation reports
an increase in military coups and an erosion in
democratic advances
• The number of nations in conflict in 2001 was 65
- nearly twice the level at the end of the Cold War.
• The survey predicts even more turmoil ahead
• One of reasons cited is the proliferation of
weapons of mass destruction.
• Unending War on Terror plunges us into even more
unstable times and more human rights abuses
Human Rights Abuses Rising
• Human Rights Watch reported in 2001 that the past year
had seen a deterioration in the rights of the victims of
torturing governments, repressive regimes and
murderous opposition groups.
• Since 9/11 and the resulting crack down on terrorists
there has been an unprecedented repression of human
rights around the world including the developed world.
• Sidetracking of UN has also jeopardized many of the
treaties women have relied on to enforce and engender
human rights.
Source: Human Rights Watch Report 2001 http://www.hrw.org/wr2k1/
Abuse of Women’s Rights
• Throughout UN B+5 Conference the
impacts of globalization, militarism and
rising fundamentalism were constantly
cited for their devastating impacts on
women's economic well being , health,
and human rights. .
Abuse of Women’s Human Rights
• In particular military sexual violence
against women has been condemned
by individual governments and the
United Nations as the most widely
reviled abuse of women's human rights
at the end of the century.
Trends Impact Peace Operations
• These trends all of which have their
own gender dimensions can further
exacerbate peace operations making it
even more imperative to consider
gender and cultural differences.
Gender and Armed Conflict
The next section of the power point examines
root causes of sexual military violence, the
history of War and Rape , the earlier United
Nations Response, the historic importance of the
women’s movement and the particular
importance of UN actions in the last decade of
the century in addressing not only women and
violence but women in the peace process
War & Rape -Hidden Atrocities
• Rape and sexual violence in armed conflict
recognized by sociologists, third world political
economic analyses and feminists as Systemic,
Historical & Patriarchal Construct.
• Feminist scholars, researchers and authors
describe stark accounts of rape & sexual atrocities
throughout history and the patriarchal origins and
context of war.
War & Sexual violence
• Mass rape
•Sexual slavery & enforced prostitution (comfort
women Japan, East Timor, Rwanda)
• Custodial Violence e.g. women held in prisons
• Forced Pregnancy
• Domestic Violence increases during war and
armed conflict
Source : Gender & PK Training Course DFAIT -Gender & the
Conflict Phase http://www.genderandpeacekeeping.org
War & Sexual Violence -Why ?
• Spoils of War -to which soldiers are entitled
• Means of troop mollification especially in
regard to sexual slavery
• To destroy enemy male, community pride
• Punishment of women - politically active
• Inflicting terror on population at large
• Part of genocidal strategy
Source: Women 2000. Sexual Violence and Armed Conflict
UN Response
War & Sexual Violence- History
• WW II -Historical records silent
• Sexual Violence perpetrated by all sides of conflict
• Sexual violence long accepted as reality of armed
conflict
• No strong women’s movement to exert pressure for
redress
• Only in recent years has the reality come to the fore
with revelations of sexual slavery of thousands of
Asian comfort women and the media’s attention to
Moslem women in rape camps in Bosnia in early
90’s.
Source: Women 2000. Sexual Violence and Armed Conflict UN Response
UN Response to
Sexual Violence
• 1969 One of 1st refs to women & armed conflict within
UN system with Commission on Status of Women
ECOSOC asked UNGA to adopt Declaration on topic
• 1974 UNGA adopted Declaration on Protection of
Women & children in Emergency and Armed Conflict
• 1980’s ECOSOC series of resolutions on Palestinian
women and children in occupied Arab territories, in
Namibia, but no mention of sexual violence• 1985- Conference Nairobi-adopted blueprint for year
2000 with reference to vulnerability of women in armed
conflict including threat of physical abuse.
UN Response to
Sexual Violence 1990s
• With the sexual atrocities in Bosnia and Herzegovina
references began to appear throughout UN related to
sexual violence during armed conflict
• Security Council Resolution 798 Dec 18, 1992
• Security Co. est’d Commission of Experts (Yugoslav
Comm) to investigate abuses of Int Humanitarian Law.
Listed sexual assault as one of priority areas.
• 1993 - Sec Co. created an hoc war crimes tribunal
(Yugoslav tribunal) -gov statue refers to rape as crime
UN Response -1990s •
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1993 Vienna Conference on Human Rights
1993 Vienna Tribunal on Women’s Human Rights [Landmark]
1993 Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, 1993 Article 38
1993 UNGA adopted Declaration on the Elimination of Violence
Against Women
1994 CHR appoints Special Rapporteur on violence against women,
Radhika Coomaraswamy
1994 Ms Linda Chavez appointed Special Rapporteur on Question of
Systemic Rape and Sexual slavery, and Slavery -like Practices During
Wartime
1994 Nov War Crimes Tribunal - Rwanda
1995 4th World Conference on Women Beijing & Women & Armed
Conflict Tribunal
UN Beijing Platform for Action The Platform for Action, adopted by the Fourth
World Conference on Women held in Beijing in 1995,
identified the effects of armed conflict on women as
one of 12 critical areas of concern requiring action
by governments and the international community,
and stressed the need to promote the equal
participation of women in conflict resolution at
decision-making levels
2000 UN Beijing + 5 Conference
Throughout UN B+5 Conference the
impacts of globalization, militarism
and rising fundamentalism were
constantly cited for their devastating
impacts on women's economic well
being , health, and human rights. .
Turning Point -1990’s
United Nations Response
• Despite limitations, there is now substantial
evidence that the national community has
changed regarding sexual assault during armed
conflict.
• Over the course of half a century, the issue of
women and armed conflict has developed within
the UN framework from a limited concern with
situation of women as mothers and care-givers to
a recognition that sexual violence vs women and
girls is a violation of international human rights
and humanitarian law that must be addressed.
References to UN Gender in
Conflict and Peace Process
• For References to the general history and
United Nations history of Gender in conflict
situations and peace keeping process see
Handout on References.
International Human Rights and
Humanitarian Law
• International Human Rights Laws and Humanitarian
Laws are the framework for all PSOs
• Understanding these laws and how they relate to
diverse situations helps in planning and responding
effectively in conflict situations.
• Gender based violence and human rights violations, as
we have noted, are weapons of war and to combat
them we must understand their basis.
International Human Rights and
International Humanitarian Law
• International Human Rights and Int. Humanitarian
Laws are two separate but complementary parts of
public international law.
• Int Humanitarian Law seeks to protect people in time
of war who are not taking part in the hostilities and it
seeks to limit the hostilities
• The Main Instruments of Humanitarian Law aka the
“Law of armed conflict” are the four Geneva
Conventions and their 2 added protocols
• Virtually every country is a party to the convention of
1949.
International Human Rights and
Humanitarian Law
International Human Rights
1. Universal Declaration
2. Int Covenant on Civil & Political Rights
3. Int Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural
Rights
= International Bill of Human Rights [IBHR]
Subsequent Conventions complement and extend the
IBHR
Some meant to protect all people from abuses
Others meant to protect specific groups
Gender International Law,
Human rights
• Universal Declaration of Human rights
• Convention on the Elimination of the Discrimination
Against Women (CEDAW)
• Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women
• ICRC Code of Conduct for Combatants
• UN Codes of Conduct for Peacekeepers
• Amnesty Int. Program for Implementing Human rights in
PKO
• Protection of Women in Armed Conflict
Source: Gender & Peacekeeping Training Course DFAIT
Importance of International
Women’s Movement
• A strong and mobilized feminist movement
has emerged that is exerting pressure and
demanding redress for atrocities specifically
directed at women and girls. Women’s NGO’s
have been instrumental in insisting that steps
be taken to address crimes of sexual violence
• and more recently to address women in the
peace process.
Why Women in the Peace
Process?
Documentation of women’s emerging role in
the peace process is showing why women
have an important role to play in peace
operations as the following slides
demonstrate.
Gender Dimensions of Peacekeeping
and Peace Building
UNIFEM 5 Major Aspects of Gender Dimensions of PK and PB
[1] Understanding the impact of armed conflict on women & girls
[2] Improving protection and assistance for women
[3] Supporting women's participation in peace processes
[4] Bringing a gender perspective to inter-governmental peace and
security initiatives
[5] Gender Justice in post-conflict peace building
Source: UNIFEM Peace and Security 5 part framework
http://www.unifem.undp.org/gov_pax.htm
Women & Peace Process Landmark actions Year 2000
• March, 2000 Security Council Statement 6816 on
IWD acknowledging that peace is inextricably linked to
equality between men and women
• May 31, 2000 Windhoek Declaration and Namibian
Plan of Action on Mainstreaming Gender
• June, 2000 UN Beijing + 5 Conference -SG Chair.
Major focus on Women and Armed Conflict with
emphasis on women, peace and security as well
Women & Peace Process Landmark actions Year 2000
• August 23, 2000 Release of Brahimi Report
( disappointing re gender dimension)
• September, 2000, DPO/DAW/ Angela King's Office
Report "Mainstreaming A Gender perspective in
Multidimensional PKO
• October 24, 2000 Security Council Discussion on
Women, Peace and Security
• October 31, 2000 Security Council Resolution
Discussion on Women, Peace and Security
Women at the Peace Table: Making a
Difference-UNIFEM
•
South Africa - shaping constitutional guarantees of equality
& Guatemala-Women’s rights, human rights in peace
agreement ensures women’s demands are incorporated
• Women have unique communications skills which benefit
negotiation and peace making
• Many women in peace process show strong sense of
responsibility and accountability
• Their participation has changed entrenched attitudes and
perceptions about women’s leadership and decisoin-making
capabilities important first step
•Source: UNIFEM http://www.unifem.org/ Resources/Book
Women at the Peace Table Making a Difference
Women in the Peace Process
When it comes to the involvement of women I
must say that it took several years of robust
debate, resistance and determination by women
themselves, before they were included in the
peace process. Oppressor and oppressed had to sit
and look each other in the eye and move beyond
anger, fears, bitterness, frustration. We had to do
this in order to negotiate on behalf of the people
of South Africa. Baleka Mbete, Deputy Speaker of the South
African Parliament, address to the 19 negotiating parties of the
Burundi Peace Process, Arusha, 23 June 2000
Women in the Peace Process
In Mali and Liberia, women rallied
together to call for disarmament. They
stood at armed deposition stations
across their countries, taking away the
deadly kalashnikovs and M-16s from
the men and boys engaged in the
conflict.
NGO Statement read out at the ARRIA FORMULA
Meeting of the UNSC October 23rd 2000.
Women in the Peace Process
• In the Philippines , women run peace zones
around villages protecting their children.
• In Bosnia women from across ethnic lines
are working in parliament to rebuild their
communities.
• In Burundi the women's coalition is
struggling to bring the voices of those most
affected by war to the peace talks
UN Security Council Debate on
Women, Peace & Security
But women, who know the price of conflict so
well, are also often better equipped than men to
prevent or resolve it. For generations, women
have served as peace educators, both in their
families and in their societies. They have proven
instrumental in building bridges rather than
walls. They have been crucial in preserving
social order when communities have collapsed.
.
-- Kofi Annan, SG United Nations
UN Security Council Debate on
Women, Peace & Security
Referring to the findings of the recent DPKO/DAW
study "Mainstreaming a gender perspective in
multidimensional peace operations", Angela King said
women's participation in missions had the effect of
• Encouraging local women to become involved in the
peace process.
• Women found to be less hierarchical in dealing with
local communities,
•Women more likely to confide in women peacekeepers
about rape and other sexual violence.
UN Security Council Debate
Women, Peace & Security
• Women’s insistence that peaceful means be found to
air grievances and attain a durable peace has been a
constant underlying strength of the Bougainville peace
process.
• Women’s groups in the Solomon Islands have played
a key role in bringing the parties together and
maintaining the momentum that culminated in the
recent settlement agreed in Australia at Townsville.
-- New Zealand statement also on behalf of
countries of the Pacific Island Forum
UN Security Council Debate
Women, Peace & Security
The efforts and accomplishments of women staff
members in multidimensional UN peace operations as
UNTAES, UNTAET and especially UNMIK are
absolutely precious, because they were instrumental in
both conceiving and implementing creative approaches
to gender inclusion policies within the host
environment and gender mainstreaming within the
peace operation. As always, the support of the
respective SRSGs and the UNHQ figured prominently
in their prospects for success or failure.
Source:
--- Jelena Grcic Polic, Croatia,
Why Women Peacekeepers ?
Louise Olsson reports in International
Peacekeeping Women 2001:
1.
2.
3.
In local societies where women & their dependents are in
majority, useful to have large number of women in PK
capacities
Female Peacekeepers also mitigate security procedures
such as body searches of women
More balanced number of Peacekeepers would also tend to
balance sexual harassment and violence against local
women, a growing problem throughout the 1990s.
Gender & Peace Operations –
The Conflict Phase
The following all have all have gendered aspects
I Consequences –
• Targeting of civilians, and strategic facilities
• Economic, cultural social impacts
• Environmental destruction
II Displacements
• Forced Evictions
• Refugees
• Internally displaced peoples
III Sexual Violence – Earlier slides War and Rape
Gender & Peace Operations –
The Way Forward
A gender perspective helps us to:
• Discern processes and structures that perpetuate
disadvantage- political, economic, cultural
• Identify processes and structures that exhibit potential
–capabilities, coping mechanisms, organizations , new
skills
• Design interventions & understand their implications
• Understand issues in conflict situations that are gender
related.
•
Source: Gender & Peacekeeping Course, DFAIT
http://www.genderandpeacekeeping.org/instructor-e.asp
Gender in Peace Operations
• We can see the many reasons why we must
be sensitive to the gender differences during
and after conflict and
• We can see clearly why we need to involve
women in the peace process
Gender in Peace Operations
• Remember that there are many different
lenses for viewing the world- and gender is a
crucial one to assume:
• Culturally – different views of gender
• Politically – different gender perspectives
• Economically –different gender perspectives
• And Different World views will affect each
category listed above.
Gender in Peace Operations
• The following slide shows how value
systems and cultural backgrounds differ and
could be expected to shape our
understanding and acceptance of political
ideologies, government policy perspectives,
war and peace, and gender perspectives.
World Views & Values
Value System
Political ideology
War/Peace Perspective
Cultural Creative
Transformational/
Green
Pacifism /Peace/
Global Mind Shift
Moderns
Liberal
Defencism/
Multilateralism
Traditionals
Conservative
Militarism/
nationalism
Sources: Value systems Dr. Paul Ray and Dr. Sherrie Anderson. 2000.
Ken Wilber. 2002 / Martin Caaedel 1989/ Eaton 1996 [See Reference
Handout]
References
• Gender & Peacekeeping Course, DFAIT
http://www.genderandpeacekeeping.org/instructor-e.asp
• Vickers, Jill. Reinventing Political Science. A Feminist Perspective.
Halifax: Fernwood. 2000.
• Louise Olsson & Torunn L. Trygg. 2001. Women International
Peacekeeping. Introduction London: Frank Casss
• CIDA Gender Equality and Peacebuilding: An Operational
Framework http://www.acdicida.gc.ca/cida_ind.nsf/0/38e406811791e81485256990004f1c1e?Ope
nDocument
• Janine Brodie [Ed] Critical Concepts –An Introduction to Politics.
2001
• Bandarage, Asoka. 1997. Women, Population and Global Crisis, A
Political Economic Analysis. London Zed Books.
References
• Colleen. Burke. 2000. Women and Militarism. Women's
International League for Peace & Freedom [WILPF]. 2000.
http://www.wilpf.int.ch/~wilpf/publications/wommil.htm
• Arundhati Roy. The greater Common Good.
http://www.ahmedabad.com/news/july/23arundhati.htm
• Human Rights Watch Report 2001 http://www.hrw.org/wr2k1/
• Women 2000. Sexual Violence and Armed Conflict UN Response
• United Nations. Division for the Advancement of Women and the
Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Women2000. Sexual
Violence and Armed Conflict: United Nations Response. Published
to promote the goals of the Beijing Declaration and the Platform
for Action April 1998. http://srch.un.org:80
• UNIFEM http://www.unifem.org/ Resources/Book Women at the
Peace Table Making a Difference
References
• Martin Caedel. 1989. Thinking About War and Peace.An
Intelligent and Informative Sorting Out of Recent thoughts about
War. Oxford: Oxford University press.
• Fukuyama, Francis. 1993. The End of History and
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Gender & Peace Operations
Prepared by Janet M Eaton
POSI, June 11, 2003