Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity
Disorder (ADHD)
Mrs. Dawson
Psychology
Period 5..
ADHD
• So what does it mean all together?
• It basically means that the person is so unfocused
that they lack the capacity to narrow their focus
into one task which allows them to serve as a
disturbance to others.
• Psychology defines it as:
– A psychological disorder marked by the appearance by
age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme
inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
Associated Features
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Extreme inattention
Hyperactivity
Impulsivity
Shifting social, academic, vocational achievements
(decrease).
Carelessness, forgetfulness, attention problems.
Defiance.
Resistance to authority.
Tend to be easily distracted and cannot follow through on
instructions.
Fidgety.
Talkative.
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Etiology..
(Where can get this ADHD thing you
speak of)
Genes/Genetics
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Environmental Factors
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Usually runs in families, often are inherited from parents.
Lead Exposure (especially in preschoolers)
Cigarettes & Alcohol (use of one or the other -even of both -puts one in danger of major brain deficiencies
as well as those they may be around or pregnant with).
Pesticides
Flouride
Complications During Pregnancy .
Brain Injuries/Previous Illnesses
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Celiac Disease & Food Allergies
Complications During Pregnancy
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Sugar/Sugar Substitutes
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Some studies have shown that refined sugars contribute to ADHD symptoms (especially if the child is using
sugar-substitutes).
Food Additives
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Even though only a small number of children contribute to this statistic it remains a key cause thought of in some cases.
Artificial colors, preservatives -increase in activity may increase hyperactivity to abnormally higher levels.
Medication
What makes you vulnerable?
• What could make a person vulnerable to developing ADHD?
– Lack of parenting
• When a parent isn't as consistent as they should be.
• Or when they fail to always be there for the child.
– Stressful family situations
• Family arguments that children may be dragged into.
– Excessive exposure to TV and video games
• This does not mean that television is bad but too much of a good thing
-you know the rest!
– Lack of structure at school
• Teachers that teach willy-nilly and have no real “game plan” for their
day -lack of lesson plan.
– When children are genetically blesses with ADHD they tend to be vulnerable
to pesticides, toxins, or other triggers.
This is what some of these symptoms look like…
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2hLa5kDRCA
DSM-IV-TR Criteria..
(Keep in mind that you are not qualified to
diagnose your classmates)
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Inattention
Often does not give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes in
schoolwork, work, or other activities.
Often has trouble keeping attention on tasks or play activities.
Often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly.
Often does not follow instructions and fails to finish schoolwork, chores, or duties
in the workplace (not due to oppositional behavior or failure to understand
instructions).
Often has trouble organizing activities.
Often avoids, dislikes, or doesn't want to do things that take a lot of mental effort
for a long period of time (such as schoolwork or homework).
Often loses things needed for tasks and activities (e.g. toys, school assignments,
pencils, books, or tools).
Is often easily distracted.
– Is often forgetful in daily activities.I. Either A or B:Six or more of the following symptoms of
inattention have been present for at least 6 months to a point that is disruptive and
inappropriate for developmental level
DSM-IV-TR Criteria cont.
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Six or more of the following symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity have been
present for at least 6 months to an extent that is disruptive and inappropriate for
developmental level:
Hyperactivity
Often fidgets with hands or feet or squirms in seat.
Often gets up from seat when remaining in seat is expected.
Often runs about or climbs when and where it is not appropriate (adolescents or
adults may feel very restless).
Often has trouble playing or enjoying leisure activities quietly.
Is often "on the go" or often acts as if "driven by a motor”.
Often talks excessively.
Impulsivity
Often blurts out answers before questions have been finished.
Often has trouble waiting one’s turn.
Often interrupts or intrudes others (e.g., butts into conversations or games).
DSM-IV-TR cont.
• Some symptoms that cause impairment were present before age 7 years.
• Some impairment from the symptoms is present in two or more settings
(e.g., at school/work and at home).
• There must be clear evidence of significant impairment in social, school ,
or work functioning.
• The symptoms do not happen only during the course of a Pervasice
Developmental Disorder, Schizophrenia, or other Psychotic Disorder.
• The symptoms are not better accounted for by another mental disorder
(e.g. Mood Disorder, Anxiety Disorder, Dissociative Disorder, or a
Personality Disorder).
• Based on these criteria, three types of ADHD are identified:ADHD,
Combined Type: if both criteria 1A and 1B are met for the past 6
monthsADHD, Predominantly Inattentive Type: if criterion 1A is met but
criterion 1B is not met for the past six months ADHD, Predominantly
Hyperactive-Impulsive Type: if Criterion 1B is met but Criterion 1A is not
met for the past six
Three Different types of ADH
• Combined Type
– They show symptoms that fall under the criteria to
meet the Inattentive aspect of ADHD as well as the
Hyperactive/Impulsivity aspects (generally equally).
• Predominantly Inattentive Type
– They show symptoms “predominantly” in the regions
of Inattentiveness.
• Predominantly Hyper-Active Impulsive Type
– They show symptoms “predominantly” in the regions
of Hyperactive/Impulsiveness.
• These kids may struggle with things such as dysgraphia.
Prevalence?
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When something is prevalent it is dangerous and more prone to
happening. A thing may be more prevalent in one place than in
another so let’s take a look at Attention-Deficit Hyperactive
Disorder..
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In the United States alone
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Most prevalent in North Carolina (15.6%) and least prevalent in Nevada
(5.6%)..
Prevalence here in California??
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3%-7% of the world’s (school-aged) ADHD population lives in the U.S.
Those rates are higher in the community rates.
Most parents are the ones who report it –then doctors of course diagnose it.
It isn’t very prevalent in California.
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The chances that any given person will get the disorder is about 2.1%-3.4% as of
2003.
Who’s more at risk, boys or girls??
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Boys are! (so guys, beware).
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Males are 13.2% more likely to develop this disorder.
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Females are 5.6% more likely to develop this disorder.
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Something fun to know: Medicaid doesn’t cover most people who have
this disorder for medication but most of the people with this disorder are
insured by Medicaid!
Treament Forms
• There are two basic physiological (mind and
body) ways to treat generally all Psychological
Disorders:
– Therapy (for the mind).
– Medication (for the body).
• Sometimes both may be required.
Treatments for ADHD
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Trade Name Generic Name Approved
Age Adderall amphetamine3 and older
Adderall XRamphetamine (extended release) 6 and older
Concert amethylphenidate (long acting) 6 and older
Daytran amethylphenidate patch 6 and older
Desoxyn methamphetamine hydrochloride 6 and older
Dexedrine dextroamphetamine 3 and older
Dextrostat dextroamphetamine 3 and older
Focalindex methylphenidate 6 and older
Focalin XRdexmethylphenidate (extended release) 6 and older
Metadate ERmethylphenidate (extended release) 6 and older
Metadate CDmethylphenidate (extended release) 6 and older
Methylin methylphenidate (oral solution and chewable tablets) 6 and older
Ritalin methylphenidate 6 and older
Ritalin SRmethylphenidate (extended release) 6 and older
Ritalin LAmethylphenidate (long acting) 6 and older
Strattera atomoxetine 6 and older
Vyvanselis dexamfetamine dimesylate 6 and older
Other Treatments for ADHD
• Combined Type:
– A mixture of the other medications.
– FDA usually only prescribes them for underaged (3-6 year
olds) seeing as most adults will be tempted to start
abusing the drugs.
• Inattentive Type:
– Otherwise known as the “Winnie the Pooh” stage (as Dr.
Daniel Amen puts it) is most responsive to stimulants.
– These include Ritalin, Attend and Adderall.
• Hyperactive/Impulsive Type:
– Straterra: regulates attention and impulsivity.
• It basically calms the patient down to a normal level aside from
their norm of being elevated.
Treatments in Depth
• Therapy
– Helping someone organize things, encouraged to use
organizers, be clear and consistent in speech
– Typically when rules are followed the patient is
rewarded for the desired behavior -remind you of
something
• Cognitive Behavior Therapy
• Exercise ability to think before acting, resist negative
impulses etc.
Prognosis
Prognosis
• Late Teens- develops into a stage of deficit within
the realms of education and social functioning.
• Small amounts become antisocial & pick up drug
abuse.
• 2/3’s of them show no evidence of mental
disorders.
• Typically once patients hit their mid-20s they
don’t experience behavioral, mental or emotional
problems (that aren’t considered abnormal).
Review
Discussion Question…
• Do you believe that ADHD is a serious
disorder? Is it at a level comparable to the
common cold or cancer? Support your
response.
References
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DSM-IV Diagnostic Criteria for ADHD. (n.d.). Death from Ritalin the Truth Behind ADHD. Retrieved May 1, 2011, from
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ehowhealth. (n.d.). YouTube - Brad's Story: A 12 year-old with ADHD . YouTube - Broadcast Yourself. . Retrieved May 1, 2011, from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2hLa5kDRCA&gclid=CKaj4rm
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Buggey, T. (2007, Summer). Storyboard for Ivan's morning routine. Diagram. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 9(3), 151.
Retrieved April 28, 2011, from Academic Search Premier database
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BrainPOP | Health | Learn about ADHD. (n.d.). BrainPOP - Animated Educational Site for Kids - Science, Social Studies, English, Math,
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Myer, D.G. (2011), Myers’ Psychology for ap, New York, NY: Worth Publishers
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Halgin, R. P., & Whitbourne, S. K. (1994). Abnormal psychology: the human experience of psychological disorders (Updated with DSN-IV.
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CDC - ADHD, Data and Statistics - NCBDDD. (n.d.). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved May 4, 2011, from
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ADHD Different Types Overview | ADD ADHD Information Library. (n.d.). ADD ADHD Information Library | Help for Parents with ADHD Children.
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NIMH · Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). (n.d.). NIMH · Home. Retrieved May 4, 2011, from
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New Drugs Help Child ADHD, Adult ADHD. (n.d.). WebMD - Better information. Better health.. Retrieved May 4, 2011, from
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Long-term prognosis in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.Mannuzza, Salvatore; Klein, Rachel G.Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North
America, Vol 9(3), Jul 2000, 711-726.
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