Be prepared to give me three reasons why you
AGREE or DISAGREE with the statement below.

Does anonymity on the web give people too
much license to heckle and torment others?
Argument


An argument expresses a position on an issue or
problem and supports it with reasons and
evidence.
Being able to evaluate arguments will help you
distinguish between claims you should accept and
those you should reject.
Parts of an argument
Reasons
Claim (thesis)
Support
The writers position on
the issue or problem
Any material used to
prove your claim.
Evidence
Specific references,
quotations, facts or
examples that support
a claim. (statistics,
research etc…)
Declarations made to
justify an action,
decision or belief.
Counter Argument
An argument made to
oppose another argument. A
good argument anticipates
opposing claims and
provides counter arguments.
Motorcycle Helmet Bill
Page 655
Persuasive Techniques


Persuasive techniques are used to sway an
audience to believe or act a certain way.
Commercials, political speeches and newspaper
opinion pieces all use these.
Persuasive Techniques
Page 656
Persuasive Technique
/Definition
Bandwagon Appeal
Testimonial
“Plain Folks”
Transfer
Ethical Appeal
Appeals to pity, fear or
vanity
Loaded Language
Example
Persuasive Techniques
From -The Gift of Life (page 657)
Speech by Tommy Thompson
This month in Fresno, California, members of the Hispanic community
gathered . . . to remember 19-year-old Maribel Cordova. Maribel had received
an
identification card this year and told her mother she wanted to become a donor.
Two weeks later, a damaged blood vessel in her head tragically cut her
life short.
Because of Maribel’s selfless act, others lived. A 35-year-old man from
Northern California received her lungs. A 66-year-old Southern California
woman got her liver. . . .
These are the human experiences of hope out of loss, of life out of death,
that touch and motivate us, that drive us to do everything within our power to
promote organ and tissue donation. Through education, outreach, science and
the vitally important work of people like you, we will reach that future when
organ donation is, quite simply, a fact of life.
Warm-Up
10-29-14
Who
Proof: he
Ex: Who (he) was singing?
_________________________________________
Whom
Proof: him
Ex: She said this to (him) whom?
What argument is this painting
making?
Logical Reasoning
http://shmoop.com/video/inductive-vs-deductive-reasoning/



There are two different ways to use reasoning:
deductive and inductive.
Deductive reasoning starts with a general theory,
statement, or hypothesis and then works its way
down to a conclusion based on evidence.
Inductive reasoning starts with a small observation
or question and works its way to a theory by
examining the related issues. (bottom up)
Logical Fallacies
Logical Fallacies-are common errors in reasoning that will
undermine the logic of your argument.
Fallacies
Page R24
Slippery Slope-This is a conclusion based on the
premise that if A happens, then eventually through a
series of small steps, through B, C,..., X, Y, Z will
happen, too,
Red Herring
Non-Sequitur
Post Hoc
Bandwagon
Ad Hominem
False Authority
Slippery Slope
if A happens, then eventually through a series of small steps,
through B, C,..., X, Y, Z will happen, too,
Red Herring
This is a diversionary tactic that avoids the key issues,
Non-Sequitur
an argument in which its conclusion does not follow from its
premises.
Post Hoc
assumes that if 'A' occurred after 'B' then 'B' must have caused
'A.
Bandwagon
There is truth in numbers
Ad Hominem
This is an attack on the character of a person rather than his or
her opinions or arguments
False Authority
try to get readers to agree with us simply by impressing them
with a famous name or by appealing to a supposed authority
Hasty Generalization general statement is made on the basis of insufficient evidence
or on the basis of only a few examples.
Bias



a "slant"—a prejudice, or a particular point of view
that's based more on opinions than facts.
A writer may reveal a strongly positive or negative
opinion about an issue by presenting only one way of
looking at it.
A write with a strong bias will have evidence heavy on
only one side. Like an unbalanced scale.
Evidence

Because I said so" only works for our parents.
Ordinary non-parental types have to actually back
up their arguments with evidence if they want
people to get on board with their train of thought.
Types of Evidence


Personal Experience- If you have a lot of
experience with something, people may believe the
arguments you make based on that experience.
Stats and Facts- The beauty of basing an argument
on stats and facts is that anyone can do it. Find
some credible sources whose stats and facts back
up what you're saying, and voilà: You've got
evidence.
Evaluating Evidence

How do you know if your sources are credible—
believable and authoritative—or not?
Consider the following:
 Authority
 Purpose/Intended Audience
 Objectivity
Evaluating Sources:
Authority/objectivity



Who wrote the text?
What are the authors credentials?
Is there bias?
If it’s a Web Site:


Can you contact the author?
Who does the author work for?
Purpose/Intended Audience

What is the purpose of the text?

Who is the intended audience of the text?
Evaluate the Evidence
Evaluate the Evidence
Put it all together