Discuss the following:
- Which side was more prepared for war, why/how?
- What was the Anaconda Plan and was it working?
Objectives:
1) Outline the American politics and society during the Civil War.
2) Discuss the issue of blacks fighting in the war.
3) Describe the election of 1864.
4) Detail the end of the Civil War.
5) Identify what the true cost of the war was.
Dissent
- Both the Union and Confederacy
had to deal with disloyalty
- Lincoln suspends habeas corpus
- 13,000 Northern Democrats
(AKA Copperheads) were
arrested
- Davis denounces Lincoln’s
suspension of habeas corpus,
but then does it himself later
Conscription
- Both sides are forced to start
using the draft system
- The CSA would exempt
planters with more than 20
slaves
- Both sides allowed the
hiring of substitutes
- “Rich man’s war but a poor
man’s fight.”
Draft Riots
- Many poor people in the North
did not want to fight a war to
free slaves (especially
immigrants)
- Riots broke out in New York City
in July of 1863
- The NYC riots lasted 4 days
- Mobs attacked newspapers,
draft offices, and
antislavery leaders
Unity?
Neither side (Union or Confederacy) was united or unified. Loyalties were divided, just as the country was split.
SOUTH
- Union Blockade
caused massive
shortages of goods
- Faced food
shortages also
- Inflation (the
confederate $ is
almost worthless)
MEDICINE
- Improved as a result of the war
- Women worked as nurses
- Clara Barton will start the RedCross in the U.S. after the Civil
War
SOCIETY
NORTH
- Most industries
did very well
- Economy was
booming!
- Inflation (wages
did not keep up
with increasing
prices)
PRISONS
- Terrible conditions (the streams were both
the sewer line and the drinking water line)
- Andersonville held 33,000 Union prisoners
(15% of them died while there)
- Prison commanders will not be pardoned at
the end of the war
"That on the first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall
then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free; and the Executive Government of the United States, including the military and naval authority thereof, will
recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons, and will do no act or acts to repress such persons, or any of them, in any efforts they may make for their actual freedom.
"That the Executive will, on the first day of January aforesaid, by proclamation, designate the States and parts of States, if any, in which the people thereof, respectively, shall then be in rebellion against
the United States; and the fact that any State, or the people thereof, shall on that day be, in good faith, represented in the Congress of the United States by members chosen thereto at elections wherein
a majority of the qualified voters of such State shall have participated, shall, in the absence of strong countervailing testimony, be deemed conclusive evidence that such State, and the people thereof,
are not then in rebellion against the United States."
Now, therefore I, Abraham Lincoln, President of the United States, by virtue of the power in me vested as Commander-in-Chief, of the Army and Navy of the United States in time of actual armed
rebellion against the authority and government of the United States, and as a fit and necessary war measure for suppressing said rebellion, do, on this first day of January, in the year of our Lord one
thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, and in accordance with my purpose so to do publicly proclaimed for the full period of one hundred days, from the day first above mentioned, order and
designate as the States and parts of States wherein the people thereof respectively, are this day in rebellion against the United States, the following, to wit:
Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana, (except the Parishes of St. Bernard, Plaquemines, Jefferson, St. John, St. Charles, St. James Ascension, Assumption, Terrebonne, Lafourche, St. Mary, St. Martin, and Orleans,
including the City of New Orleans) Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia, (except the forty-eight counties designated as West Virginia, and also the counties
of Berkley, Accomac, Northampton, Elizabeth City, York, Princess Ann, and Norfolk, including the cities of Norfolk and Portsmouth[)], and which excepted parts, are for the present, left precisely as if this
proclamation were not issued.
And by virtue of the power, and for the purpose aforesaid, I do order and declare that all persons held as slaves within said designated States, and parts of States, are, and henceforward shall be free;
and that the Executive government of the United States, including the military and naval authorities thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of said persons.
And I hereby enjoin upon the people so declared to be free to abstain from all violence, unless in necessary self-defence; and I recommend to them that, in all cases when allowed, they labor faithfully
for reasonable wages.
And I further declare and make known, that such persons of suitable condition, will be received into the armed service of the United States to garrison forts, positions, stations, and other places, and to
man vessels of all sorts in said service.
And upon this act, sincerely believed to be an act of justice, warranted by the Constitution, upon military necessity, I invoke the considerate judgment of mankind, and the gracious favor of Almighty
God.
In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the United States to be affixed.
Done at the City of Washington, this first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty three, and of the Independence of the United States of America the eighty-seventh.
The blacks faced enormous obstacles and
prejudice in both the North and the South
SOUTH
- Considered for service in the military but
never used
- Emancipation Proclamation issued in
January 1863
- Only freed slaves in former
Confederate states (Not Territories)
- Slaves in the south contributed
- Used sabotage
- Some passed information along to
help the Union forces
NORTH
- Not allowed in the military until 1862
- Made up 1% of northern population
- End of war, made up 10% of army
- Earned much less that white soldiers
- Executed immediately if captured by
Confederates
- Ft. Pillow: over 200 mostly black
prisoners executed at one time
After the Emancipation Proclamation, compromise with the Confederacy is off the table. Slave resistance
weakened the plantations in the South. By 1864, even some southerners knew that slavery was all but over.
Describe life in the North and in
the South during the Civil War.
By the election of 1864, many were upset over the war’s length. Lincoln was not
optimistic that he could win the election.
-
Democrats
Tired of war and high casualty
rates
Many pro-southern party
members
Nominated George McClellan
McClellan ran a campaign
calling for an immediate
armistice
-
Radical Republicans
Favored a harsh punishment
for the South
Called themselves the National
Union Party
Nominated John Fremont
Fremont actually drops out of
the running as the tide of the
war turns
Republicans
- Nominated Lincoln for reelection
- Selected Andrew Johnson to
run with him (a pro-union
democrat from Tennessee)
- Lincoln favored full
readmission for all southern
states
Helped by timely Union victories in the fall of 1864, Lincoln will win the election for his second term.
Unfortunately, Lincoln will not live to implement his plan for readmission of the southern states. He is
assassinated by John Wilkes Booth on April 14th.
The beginning of 1863 had gone well for the Confederacy. They had won at Chancellorsville. Unfortunately,
Stonewall Jackson had died and the south was in need of supplies. Lee decided it was time to take the
offensive…in the North!
Lee had the advantage
and wanted to trip up
the northern strategy
in Vicksburg, Va.
In November, President
Lincoln delivers the Gettysburg
Address. This 2 minute speech
will become one of the most
famous speeches ever given in
world history!
This is a 3 day battle.
The south did well, but
made some very costly
strategic mistakes
Gettysburg
Pennsylvania
The high amount of
losses will hurt the
south more than the
north…Lee’s army will
not fully recover
-
By the Numbers:
3 day battle
23,000 Union dead
28,000 Confederates
dead
30% of the total Civil
Wars casualties!
Three days after Lee lost at Gettysburg, Grant took Vicksburg, Miss. By July 10th of 1863, all
Confederate holdouts in Mississippi were under Union control. The South was cut in two!
This marks the beginning of the end for the Civil War!
-
-
-
SOUTH
Running low on supplies,
fighting men, and money
Jefferson Davis has problems
with the Confederate
government (he could not unite
them)
In every southern state (except
SC) soldiers turned sides,
fighting for the north
By 1864, many states saw open
meetings peace and eventually
open opposition to the war
NORTH
- Grant appointed Sherman
- Sherman believes in total
war
- He cuts a path through the
south all the way to the
Atlantic  “Sherman’s
March to the Sea”
- Grant takes on Lee in Virginia
- He could afford high
casualties, and had them, as
he promised Lincoln “there
would be no turning back”
March 1865, Grant is approaching Richmond. April, Davis and the Confederate government fled the city. Lee
met Grant at Appomattox court house and accepted the terms of the surrender. Within 2 months, all
Confederate resistance was over!
CHANGE
- Political Changes
- Ended the threat of secession
from southern states
- Taxes are placed on income
- 13th amendment abolishes slavery
(1865)
- Economic Changes
- National Bank Act 1863
- Northern economy boomed
- Southern economy suffered
- Disparity between regions would
not diminish until the 20th century.
COST
- Union
 Casualties
 (360k dead/275k wounded)
 National debt increased by
$2.63 billion
 Inflation peaked at 182% in
1864
- Confederate
 Casualties
 (260k dead/225k wounded)
 Debt ran over $1.8 billion
 Inflation peaked at 7000%
What’s left in the aftermath of war
• Freedmen
• Ex-slaveholders
• Ex-free Soilers
• Ex-peace Democrats
• Ex-war Democrats
TURMOIL AND THE TASK OF
RECONSTRUCTION