CONJUNCTIONS
---- a word that joins single
words or groups of words
COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
-- JOINS WORDS OR GROUPS OF WORDS THAT HAVE EQUAL
GRAMMATICAL WEIGHT IN A SENTENCE
AND
BUT
OR
SO
NOR
YET
FOR
EXAMPLE:
-- ONE AND SIX ARE SEVEN. (2 NOUNS)
-- MERLIN WAS SMART BUT IRRESPONSIBLE. (2 ADJECTIVES)
-- LET’S PUT THE NOTE ON THE TV OR ON THE REFRIGERATOR.
(2 PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES)
-- I WANTED A NEW SUN HAT, SO I BOUGHT ONE.
(2 COMPLETE THOUGHTS)
-- WE DIDN’T EXPLORE THE SUMMIT THAT NIGHT, FOR THE CLIMB
HAD EXHAUSTED US.
▪ FOR MEANS “FOR THE REASON THAT” OR “BECAUSE.”
Correlative Conjunctions
-- works in pairs to join words and groups of
words of equal grammatical weight in a sentence
-- make the relationship between words or
groups of words a little clearer than do
coordinating conjunctions
both…and
either…or
just as…so
not only…but(also)
neither…nor whether…or
EXAMPLES
Coordinating
He and I were there.
She will sew new
curtains, or I’ll put
up the old blinds.
I scrubbed and waxed
the floor.
Correlative
Both he and I were there.
Either she will sew new
curtains, or I’ll put
up the old blinds.
I not only scrubbed but
also waxed the floor.
PRACTICE: WRITE THE SENTENCE. UNDERLINE ALL
CONJUNCTIONS. IDENTIFY THEM AS EITHER COORDINATING OR
CORRELATIVE.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
At the shore, you’ll see seagulls both on the sand and
in the water.
Neither Louis nor I voted for the amendment.
In 1500 the cities now known as Cahokia, Illinois, and
Albuquerque, New Mexico, were already large.
Either come to the party or stay away.
Apparently Ron found nothing on the counter or under
the table.
Mr. Palumbo ordered the pasta primavera, and he ate
it with gusto.
The weather has grown very cold today, yet it has not
snowed.
Just as the days grow longer in springtime, so the
nights grow longer in fall.
Ebenezer Scrooge was rich but not happy.
ANSWERS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
both, and -- correlative
neither, nor -- correlative
and -- coordinating
either, or – correlative
or – coordinating
and – coordinating
yet – coordinating
just as, so – correlative
but – coordinating
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
-- joins two clauses, or thoughts, in such a way
as to make one grammatically dependent on the
other
-- the thought, or clause, that a subordinating
conjunction introduces is said to be
“subordinate,” or dependent, because it cannot
stand by itself as a complete sentence
Examples:
1. We can skate on the pond when the ice is thicker.
2. We can’t skate until the ice is thicker.
3. Because the ice is still too thin, we must wait for a
hard freeze.
COMMON SUBORDINATING
CONJUNCTIONS
after
although
as
as far as
as if
as long as
as soon as
as though
because
before
considering (that)
if
inasmuch as
in order that
since
so long as
so (that)
than
though
till
unless
until
when
whenever
where
whereas
whenever
while
PRACTICE: WRITE THE SENTENCE. UNDERLINE THE
SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
I’ll go with you wherever you go.
You may as well eat dinner as long as you’re here.
Since Peppermint may be upset by our move, I’ll keep
her inside for now.
No one may leave until the exam is over.
Although it was cold that morning, Keith wore only a
light jacket over his school clothes.
New England’s climate is cool and humid, whereas the
Southwest’s is hot and dry.
After his stay on the Mir space station, the astronaut
headed back to Earth.
Please come to visit us if you’re ever in Topeka.
While you finish your homework, I’ll scrub the floor.
Don’t expect lunch unless you’re home by noon.
ANSWERS
wherever
2. as long as
3. since
4. until
5. although
6. whereas
7. after
8. if
9. while
10. unless
1.
CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS
is used the clarify the relationship between clauses of equal
weight in a sentence
 are usually stronger, more precise, and more formal
 instead of using just a comma, a semicolon precedes the
conjunctive adverb and a comma follows it

Examples:
Coordinating Conj.
Conjunctive Adverb
The civilization of the Incas was
advanced, but they never invented
the wheel.
The civilization of the Incas was
advanced; however, they never
invented the wheel.
CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS
To replace AND
 To replace BUT


To state a result

To state equality
also, besides, furthermore, moreover
however, nevertheless, nonetheless,
still
accordingly, consequently, then,
therefore, thus
equally, indeed, likewise, similarly
PRACTICE: WRITE THE SENTENCE AS IS. LABEL THE
UNDERLINED WORD CC FOR COORDINATING CONJUNCTION
OR CA FOR CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
It’s my turn to fix dinner; therefore, I can’t go to
the mall with you after school.
Celia didn’t buy any peaches, but she got a melon.
Luke’s new tennis racket lies forgotten in his
closet, and his new skates are in a dark corner;
similarly, these new skis will probably be
abandoned soon.
Of course you may come along on our trip to the
park; indeed, I’ll be glad of your help with the
dogs.
Bella didn’t want a new coat, nor did she think
new boots were necessary.
CONTINUED…
6. Robin’s recipe for hot cider is my favorite, for she
stirs it with a cinnamon stick.
7. Leeza has become better organized lately;
consequently, she found her summer school
application form after only a short search.
8. The vandals were evidently wearing gloves; we did
find one long blonde hair stuck to a chair, however.
9. Going to that movie would keep you out too late on
a school night; also, the subject matter isn’t suitable
for a person your age.
10. This applicant lacks experience; she has,
nonetheless, demonstrated the ability to manage a
big project.
ANSWERS
therefore CA
2. but CC
3. and CC, similarly CA
4. indeed CA
5. nor CC
6. for CC
7. consequently CA
8. however CA
9. also CA
10. nonetheless CA
1.