Warmup 9/9/15
Why might it be important to know what your food is
made of? Why might it be important to know the
difference between a “carbohydrate” and a “lipid”?
Objective
Define and explain the
functions of the basic
organic compounds
Tonight’s Homework
pp 61: 1, 2
pp 63: 1
Notes on Organic Chemistry
Organic Compounds
Last week we talked about chemicals and how
they can combine. Today, we’re going to talk
about the chemical compounds we see in living
things.
Notes on Organic Chemistry
Organic Compounds
Last week we talked about chemicals and how
they can combine. Today, we’re going to talk
about the chemical compounds we see in living
things.
Even the simplest of living things are amazingly
complex. Most of the compounds we’ll see here
aren’t made of just a few atoms, but of dozens,
hundreds, thousands, or millions.
Notes on Organic Chemistry
All organic compounds have a few things in
common:
- All organic compounds contain carbon
(and usually hydrogen and oxygen as well)
- All organic compounds serve one or more of
the following functions:
- Structural support
- Enzymatic (help process commands)
- Storage
Next we’ll look at how we classify different
organic compounds.
Notes on Organic Chemistry
Carbohydrates
These compounds are made of just carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen. They serve 2 functions:
- To store energy
- To provide structural support
Notes on Organic Chemistry
Carbohydrates
These compounds are made of just carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen. They serve 2 functions:
- To store energy
- To provide structural support
We can break them into 2 rough groups:
- Monosaccharides
- Polysaccharides
Notes on Organic Chemistry
Monosaccharides
These are simple sugars. Things like glucose,
galactose, and fructose all classify as simple
sugars.
Notes on Organic Chemistry
Monosaccharides
These are simple sugars. Things like glucose,
galactose, and fructose all classify as simple
sugars.
We can also combine a few sugars together to
get more complex sugars. Sucrose (common
table sugar) is a combination of glucose and
fructose.
Most sugars are used to store energy for living
things.
Notes on Organic Chemistry
Polysaccharides
These are large, complex chains of sugars.
There are 3 kinds we want to know in detail:
Starch: Plants store much of
their energy in this form.
Glycogen: These are transitory
and made in animals as energy
Cellulose:
These make plant
cell walls.
Notes on Organic Chemistry
Lipids
Lipids are substances which do not dissolve in
water and store a far greater amount of energy
than carbohydrates.
They come in two forms:
Notes on Organic Chemistry
Lipids
Lipids are substances which do not dissolve in
water and store a far greater amount of energy
than carbohydrates.
They come in two forms:
Fats:These store energy in
long chains. These chains
can be broken apart to
yield energy when and
where an organism needs it.
They can be saturated or unsaturated.
Notes on Organic Chemistry
Phospholopids and sterols:
These are similar to fats but sometimes form in
rings or have different attaching parts.
One key thing to note is that all lipids have an
end that’s hydrophobic and an end that’s
hydrophilic. These ends help the phospholipid
align in water.
Notes on Organic Chemistry
Proteins
While carbohydrates and lipids are the same
everywhere, proteins are different.
Each person makes some proteins that are
unique to just them.
So what are proteins? They are large chains of
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen that
the body uses mainly as building blocks for
other things.
Notes on Organic Chemistry
Proteins are formed from basic blocks called
amino acids.
There are many kinds of amino acids and they
link together in chains to form proteins. As they
link, each amino acid bends and twists the chain
in a different way.
When the whole thing has been built up, it will
have a unique 3-D shape made from the twist
from each amino acid.
Proteins work with other organic molecules by
fitting into slots and gaps in molecules.
Notes on Organic Chemistry
Nucleic Acids
So deep down what tells the cell in a body what
kind of protein to make?
This comes from nucleic acids. We will go into
these in far more detail later, but we’ll cover the
basics here.
Notes on Organic Chemistry
Nucleic acids form the famous DNA. This is a
long, twisting molecule that contains directions
for how to produce and create everything your
body needs. Your DNA is what makes you who
you are.
DNA has a complex structure. We’ll look at it on
the next slide.
Notes on Organic Chemistry
DNA is shaped like a twisted ladder and is
composed of the following:
- A phosphate and sugar backbone. This is
formed of two twisting strands that loop around
each other.
- 4 nucleotides that bond in pairs to
make up the rungs of the ladder.
Notes on Organic Chemistry
DNA is shaped like a twisted ladder and is
composed of the following:
- A phosphate and sugar backbone. This is
formed of two twisting strands that loop around
each other.
- 4 nucleotides that bond in pairs to
make up the rungs of the ladder.
The nucleotides bond in the
following pairs:
Adenine with Thymine
Guanine with Cytosine
Exit Question
Which type of organic compound stores the most energy?
a) Lipids
b) Carbohydrates
c) Proteins
d) Nucleic Acids
e) Enzymes
f) Cells