Organic Flavor, Part 2
SOL Objective CH. 6
S
SOL CH. 6
S Not really a separate objective. CH = chemistry,
not chapter.
S This year, we will have an Organic Chemistry and
Biochemistry “flavor” from time to time.
S Organic = any compound which contains carbon.
Organic compounds usually also contain H and
some combination of O, N, S, P, Cl and other
elements.
S Biochem = study of organic compounds which
appear in living things.
Organic Chemistry
S All pharmaceuticals (medicines and drugs),
plastics, and many products you use and wear
everyday are organic compounds.
S Some organic chemicals are poisonous (toxic)
or carcinogenic (cause cancer potentially), but
many are tasty and even vital for life.
Organic Compounds
S All organic compounds contain C.
S However, not all organic compounds come
from nature or living things.
S But some do.
S For example, some medicines come from
natural products. Some medicines were created
by scientists in a lab.
Natural vs Synthetic
S Penicillin was originally isolated from a fungus and
found to have antibiotic (kills bacteria) properties.
However, the demand for penicillin soon outgrew
the ability to get it from fungi and organic chemists
figured out how to synthesize penicillin in the lab.
S Regardless of whether it is found in nature or
synthesized in a lab, all penicillin must have the
same properties and be exactly the same in every
way.
Important Pharmaceuticals
S Think medicines. Pharmaceuticals are any chemical substances
used for the diagnosis, cure, treatment or prevention of disease.
S Common pharmaceuticals you should know
S Aspirin
S Vitamins
S Insulin
S All of the above are organic chemicals, but can be synthesized
in the lab or be found in nature.
Inorganic Chemistry
S All chemicals which do not contain carbon are
inorganic.
S Additionally, some compounds which do contain
carbon are NOT organic. Examples include:
S Carbides (metals bonded to carbon)
S Carbonates
S Carbon dioxide (CO2)
S Note that although water is VITAL to human life,
water (H2O) is an inorganic compound, because it
doesn’t contain any carbon.
5 Branches of Chemistry
S Inorganic Chemistry is the study of compounds which
do not contain C.
S Organic Chemistry is the study of compounds which
DO contain C.
S Biochemistry is the study of chemical processes which
exist in living organisms.
S Analytical Chemistry is the study of the separation of
mixtures of compounds and identifying and quantifying
those compounds.
S Physical Chemistry is the study of physics as it applies
to chemical systems at the atomic and molecular level.
-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-CS Carbon has some unique properties which
organic chemistry is based upon.
S It can form long chains (or rings) by bonding to
other carbons.
S Each C forms 4 bonds. In addition to bonding
to other carbons, carbon’s unique size as a
Period 2 element allows it to form strong bonds
with H and O and N and many other elements.
-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-CS This ability to form long chains allows carbon
to bond with itself to produce literally millions
of unique compounds.
S C can also form double and triple bonds with
other C atoms.
S Additionally, C can form double bonds with O.
S C can form triple bonds with N.
Methane = The Simplest
Hydrocarbon
S Methane boils at 90K. Since room temp =
298K, it is obviously a gas at room temp.
S It is also called “natural gas.”
S It comes out of the gas jets when we do labs
which require a Bunsen burner.
S The temp of a Bunsen burner flame is about
1,500 - 2,000°C.
Other Distillation Products from
Crude Oil
S Gases
S Ethane, C2H6, used primarily to produce ethene
(also known as ethylene) which is used to
produce plastics, such as polyethylene, and is
also used force the ripening of fruit.
S Propane, C3H8, also known as LP gas (liquified
petroleum), can be stored as a liquid at low
pressures. Used as fuel for gas grills.
S Butane, C4H10, can also be liquified easily at low
pressures. Used as fuel in cigarette lighters.
Other Distillation Products
S Liquids
S Gasoline (primarily octane, C8H18, but contains
HC with 5-12 carbons).
S Kerosene (contains HC with 12-16 carbons).
Used for lamps, stoves and portable heaters.
S Fuel Oil (contains HC with 15-18 carbons).
Used for heating houses. Also used in diesel
engines.
S Lubricating Oil (contains HC with 16-20
carbons). Use as motor oil in car engines.
Other Distillation Products
S Solids
S Residue (solids remaining with > 20 carbons
after distillation); used to make asphalt.
S Paraffin wax (20-40 carbons). Has a variety of
uses, but used to make candles which burn at a
very low temp (40-50°C). It is white and
odorless and tasteless. James Chadwick used it
in experiments to identify the neutron.
S Liquid paraffin is called mineral oil.
Wax was used to help discover the
neutron?
S Chadwick in 1932 used α particles (emitted from
radioactive Po) and bombarded Be.
S Beryllium emitted neutrons during this
experiment, but they were hard to detect,
because they have no charge.
S He put some paraffin in the path of these new
particles. They hit the paraffin and knocked out
some protons (hydrogen ions).
Wax. Seriously?
S Protons have a positive charge and were much easier to
detect. Obviously something had to hit it which had
enough mass and force to knock the protons loose.
S He figured out that the neutron had a little more mass
than the proton.
S Since it had no charge, the particles didn’t repel when it
got close to the positively charged nucleus, and therefore,
nothing slowed it down until it collided with the H
which it then knocked out of the wax.
Types of HC
S Alkanes: only contain C-C single bonds. Known
as saturated HC. They are saturated because
alkanes have the maximum number of hydrogens
bonded to the carbons.
S Alkenes: contains at least 1 C=C double bond.
S Alkynes: contains at least 1 CΞC triple bond.
S Alkenes and alkynes are unsaturated HC, because
more H could be bonded to the C atoms.
Reactivity of HC
S The structure of the molecule helps determine
the properties of the compound. All alkanes
react the same, but they react differently
compared to alkenes or alkynes.
S Alkynes are MOST reactive.
S Alkanes are least reactive.
S That means alkenes are somewhere in the
middle.
Reactivity of HC
S From this you can extend your knowledge and
predict
S that triple bonds are more reactive than double
bonds
S and double bonds are more reactive than single
bonds.
S We will talk about WHY this is the case in later
units.
Polymers
S Large molecule composed of repeating units of
simple molecules (called monomers).
S Think about Legos. Each block is a monomer.
When you hook a bunch of blocks together,
you get a large chain (the polymer).
S There are two types of polymers (more on this
in a later unit).
S Addition
S Condensation
Polymers
S Natural Polymers
S Proteins (monomer = amino acids)
S Starch and Cellulose (monomer = sugar molecules)
S DNA and RNA (monomer = purine and pyrimidine bases)
S Synthetic Polymers
S Plastics
S polyethylene (PE) also known as polythene
S polyvinylchloride (PVC)
S polystyrene also known as Styrofoam
S Sodium polyacrylate (the absorbent polymer in Huggies diapers)
S Fibers (nylon, rayon, polyester)
S Kevlar
S Teflon (polytetrafluoroethylene)
The End
What Did you Learn?
S