Name:
Date:
Biology 11: Domain Eukarya
Purpose:
Apply the Kingdom classification system to study a diversity of organisms
Compare the characteristics of a prokaryotic cell with those of a eukaryotic cell
Understand the main characteristics of Kingdom Protista
Purpose:
330 and 337 *This is required reading!
What are Eukaryotes?
Introduction
The domain system of classification is based on ___________________ differences, revealing that there
are three different types of organisms.
Which of the domains above have prokaryotic cells? __________________________________________
Which domain above has eukaryotic cells? _________________________________________________
Name the eukaryotic kingdoms: __________________________________________________________
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Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes
What are the major differences between
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Character
Plasma Membrane
Prokaryotic
Eukaryotic
Cell Wall
Nuclear Membrane
Mitochondria
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Ribosomes
What is one error with the diagram above?
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Eukaryotic Cell Evolution
Where do we think the endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope came from?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Mitochondria and chloroplasts most likely came from the endosymbiosis of aerobic prokaryotes. What
does this mean?
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Common Eukaryotic Life Cycles
Which of the three types of life cycles has a diploid adult stage and only the gametes are haploid?
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Which life cycle has a haploid adult and only the zygote is diploid?
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Which type of life cycle has a haploid adult called a gametophyte and a diploid adult called the
sporophyte?
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Which life cycle is found in:
a) Humans: ____________________
b) Protists and Fungi: ____________________
c) Plants: ____________________
Kingdom Protista
Purpose:
Protists are the most primitive form of eukayotic life and provide biologists with an
opportunity to investigate how eukaryotic cells were first formed.
Text Pages:
330 to 339 *This is required reading!
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Kingdom Protista is a “catch-all” grouping where biologists have put eukaryote organisms that do not
easily fit into the other Animal Kingdoms. For this reason, the life forms found here are very diverse:
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Generally, protists can be defined as:
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The great diversity of organisms found in the Kingdom Protista is organized based on two characteristics:
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a) Mode of Nutrition
Autotrophic:
________________________________________________________
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Heterotrophic:
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b) Mode of Locomotion
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*Watch Protist Movement video.
Protist Diversity
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The great variety of protists we have today is a product of Secondary Endosymbiosis, the process through
which an autotrophic protest becomes endosymbiotic in a heterotrophic protist:
Below is a phylogenetic tree demonstrating a recent organization of protists into different groups:
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Chromalveolata
This supergroup is controversial because it
contains such a great diversity of protists
a) Diatoms are autotrophic unicellular algae
with a silica rich cell wall.
They are key primary producers in fresh and
salt water ecoystems.
b) Dinoflagellates have two flagellae (one is free and the other
is wrapped in a groove around the cell).
They can be autotrophic, heterotrophic or mixotrophic and are
important food sources.
Dinoflagellates cause “red tide”. What is this and why is it
important to know about on the Pacific Coast?
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c) Brown Algae are multicellular and get their brown colour
from photosynthetic pigment.
We know them as brown seaweeds and they create important
ecosystems for marine organisms (kelp forests).
Brown algae have a “holdfast” (not roots!) that attaches to rocks. They can also
have air bladders that function in reproduction and to keep the algae blades
close to the surface.
Brown algae are used in sushi, cosmetics and as a stabilizer in ice cream.
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d) Water Molds are unicellular decomposers, although they
can also be parasitize fish skin or gills and plants (Irish Potato
Famine).
e) Ciliates are heterotrophs and mixotrophs that use their cilia to
move and sweep food into their mouths.
Paramecium are a good example of ciliates and you will observe
them in the Protist Lab.
f) Plasmodium is a parasitic protist that is
transferred to humans through mosquito bites and
causes the disease Malaria. The protist feeds on red
blood cells, causing them to die.
*Watch Malaria: Human Host from HHMI
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Rhizaria and Unikonta
Rhizaria and Unikonta are both controversial clades and they included together here as they both contain
Amoebas.
a) Amoebas are heterotrophic or parasitic (amoebic dysentery)
and reproduce by binary fission.
Amoebas move using pseudopodia, temporary extensions of
the cell into which they push their cytoplasm. They engulf
food material through phagocytosis.
b) Plasmodial Slime Mold and Cellular Slime Mold are important decomposers. They also have
interesting puzzle solving abilities and infrastructure planning potential!
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Archaeplastids
Commonly known as algae, most Archaeplastids get their nutrients through ________________ and are
important in aquatic ecosystems because they:
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a) Red Algae are autotrophic, often multicellular and gain their colour
from accessory pigment that masks the green chlorophyll.
Some Red Algae look like coral as they have calcium carbonate
embedded in their cell walls.
Red Algaes are used as nori in sushi, stabalizers ice cream and other
products and to make Agar.
b) Green Algae can be unicellular, multicellular or colonial and gain their
colour from green chlorophyll.
What are some characteristics that demonstrate Green Algae’s close relationship to land plants?
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Green Algae examples include:
1. Chlamydomonas (Unicellular)
Reproduce sexually in favourable conditions and asexually in
unfavourable.
Follow the haplontic life cycle.
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2. Volvox (Colonial)
Each volvox colony is a hollow ball of many algae cells and will
eventually burst to release smaller daughter colonies.
All cells in the colony of identical, but functionally individuals.
3. Ulva (Multicellular)
Ulva is multicellular an exhibits cell specialization. This is
very evident in its alternation of generation life cycle.
Evolution of Multicellularity
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How are multicellular organisms different from unicellular organisms?
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Below is an image depicting how a unicellular protist may have eventually given rise to multicellular
organisms.
1. An ancestral colony may have formed when a cell dividing and its offspring remain attached to one
another.
2. Next, the cells in the colony may have become specialized and interdependent
3. Later on, additional specialization among the cells may have led to distinctions between sex cells
(gametes) and non-reproductive cells (somatic cells).
Multicellular organisms have
evolved in three different
lineages (Brown Algae, Fungi
and Animals, Red and Green
Algae).
One theory suggests that 1
billion years ago two Unikot
lineages divided to produce
Fungi and Animals. Evidence
of this division comes from
molecular clocks and
morphological similarities.
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