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Objectives
• Analyze the causes and effects of nationalism
on domestic policy during the years following
the War of 1812.
• Describe the impact of nationalism on the
nation’s foreign policy.
• Summarize the struggle over the issue of
slavery as the nation grew.
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Terms and People
•
nationalism – a spirit of loyalty and devotion to
one’s country
•
Henry Clay – a leading advocate of economic
nationalism who proposed the American System
•
American System – Clay’s plan for federally
sponsored internal improvements and protective
tariffs to promote commerce and link all sections
of the U.S.
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Terms and People
(continued)
•
John Quincy Adams – Secretary of State under
James Monroe and son of President John Adams
•
Adams-Onís Treaty – treaty negotiated by John
Quincy Adams to purchase Florida from Spain
•
Monroe Doctrine – policy warning European
monarchies not to interfere with Latin American
republics in return for U.S. non-interference
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Terms and People (continued)
•
Missouri Compromise – 1820 compromise
balancing the admission of Missouri as a slave
state with the admission of Maine as a free
state and setting a line across the continent
dividing future free and slave states
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How did domestic and foreign
policies reflect the nationalism of
the times?
After the War of 1812, nationalism affected
economic and foreign policy and began to
create a sense of national identity.
Supreme Court rulings supported
nationalism by favoring federal power.
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Under President
James Monroe,
the Democratic
Republicans
enjoyed an
“era of good
feelings.”
The party backed nationalistic
economic policies that used
federal power to assist
business and industry.
This focus on business was a
change from the
government’s earlier support
of agriculture and a weak
federal government.
With so little political fighting,
some believed that political
parties might disappear.
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Henry Clay campaigned for a nationalistic
economic policy called the American System,
which included:
• high tariffs to protect industrial
growth.
• road and canal construction, called
internal improvements, to link the
different sections of the nation.
Clay believed the different regions
could work together for the
prosperity of the entire nation.
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Clay wanted reestablishment of a national bank
to control the nation’s money supply and banking.
The First National Bank’s charter expired in 1811.
Private and state banks were printing their own
money, causing widespread uncertainty in value.
Clay argued that control over the nation’s money
supply and banking would restore confidence.
As a result, Congress established the Second
Bank of the United States in 1816.
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The Supreme
Court continued
to strengthen
federal power
under Chief
Justice John
Marshall
Marshall first applied
Federalist principles
when he supported
Judicial Review in
Marbury v. Madison.
In Dartmouth College v.
Woodward and Fletcher
v. Peck Marshall limited
the power of state
governments to interfere
with business contracts.
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In
McCulloch v. Maryland
(1819)
Marshall asserted
the superiority of federal
law over state laws.
• The state of Maryland
tried to tax a branch of
the Second National Bank.
• Marshall ruled that the
power to tax is the power
to destroy and a state
can’t use taxes to destroy
a bank created by
Congress.
• The ruling broadly defined
commerce and the power
of Congress to control it.
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An interconnected national economy
resulted in cycles of “boom or bust.”
During busts farmers often blamed the
banks for their difficulties.
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An “American
Renaissance”
in art and
literature
reflected the
nationalism
of the era.
• Authors like James
Fenimore Cooper
(The Leatherstocking
Tales) created a
genre of frontier
adventure stories.
• Painters celebrated
America’s beauty in
the landscapes of the
Hudson River School.
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Paintings like Jasper Cropsey’s 1859 Autumn on the Hudson
celebrated the beauty of the wild American land.
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American
nationalism
was also
reflected in
the Monroe
Doctrine.
• President Monroe feared France
or Spain might retake newly
independent republics in Latin
America.
• Monroe warned European
monarchies they had no business
in the Americas and promised the
United States would not involve
itself in Europe.
• In 1823 the United States was
incapable of enforcing the Monroe
Doctrine, but in time it became a
cornerstone of American foreign
policy.
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United States policy toward Florida
reflected nationalism.
In 1818, Andrew Jackson invaded Florida
to fight the Seminole Indians who
harbored runaway slaves.
Monroe’s Secretary of State John Quincy
Adams concluded the Adams-Onís
Treaty by which the United States
purchased Florida from Spain.
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Despite nationalistic feelings, sectional
differences remained strong.
• In 1819, Missouri sought admission as a slaveowning state.
• Acceptance would upset the balance between free
and slave-owning states in the U.S. Senate.
• A northern proposal to ban slavery as the price of
Missouri’s admission caused debate.
• The slavery debate worried many. Thomas Jefferson
likened it to a “fire-bell in the night.”
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Henry Clay
averted a
crisis with
the Missouri
Compromise
of 1820.
• Maine and Missouri
became states
together—one free,
the other slave.
• A line was drawn
across the territories;
any new state south of
Missouri’s southern
border would be slave,
anything north free.
Still, Southerners were worried. They blamed the
1822 Denmark Vessey plot on the Missouri debate.
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