WORLD HISTORY II
SOL REVIEW
World Religions
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Judaism
• Concentrated in Europe
and Middle East in 1500
• Now concentrated in US
and Israel
• Monotheistic- “one God”
• 10 Commandmentrules of moral conduct
• Torah –Holy writings
• Holy city-Jerusalem
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Christianity
• Concentrated in Europe
and Middle East in 1500
• Now North and South
America and Europe
• Monotheistic
• Jesus is Son of God
• Life after death
• New Testament- Life
and teachings of Jesus
• Christian doctrine
established by early
church councils
• Holy city Jerusalem and
Bethlehem
World Religions

Islam
• Concentrated in
Western Asia, Africa
and Southern Europe in
1500
• Now in Middle East,
Africa and Asia
• Monotheistic
• Muhammed is the
prophet
• Koran is holy book
• Five Pillars of Islam
• Mecca, Medina and
Jerusalem are holy
cities
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Buddhism
• Concentrated in East
and Southeast Asia in
1500
• Now East and
Southeast Asia
• Siddhartha Gautama
(Buddha) founder
• Four Noble Truths
• Eightfold path to
enlightenment
• Spread from India to
China and other parts
of Asia Asoka’s
missionaries and their
writings
World Religions

Hinduism
• Concentrated in India in 1500 and now
• Many forms of one deity (god)
• Caste system
• Reincarnation
• Karma- Future reincarnation based on
present behavior
Renaissance
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“Rebirth” of Classical Knowledge (ancient Greece
and Rome)
Birth of the Modern World
Humanism- belief in the abilities of people
Secularism- concern for nonreligious subjects
Began in Italy and spread to Northern Europe
Contributions
• Art- Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci
• Literature- Shakepeare
• Intellectual ideas- Erasmus
Regional Trade in 1500
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Traditional patterns of trade in 1500
• Silk roads across Asia (China)to the
Mediterranean (Italian city states)
• Maritime routes across the Indian Ocean
• Trans-Saharan routes across North Africa
• Northern European links with the Black Sea
• Western European sea and river trade
• South China Sea and lands of Southeast Asia
Why was trade important?
Exchange of products and ideas
 China- Paper, compass, silk, porcelain
 India and Middle East- Textiles, numeral
system
Exchange in science from contact with the
Muslims in the Middle East

• Medicine
• Astronomy
• Mathematics
Now Lets take a break
and see how much you
remember?
The Reformation
What problems and issues caused the Reformation?
 Merchant wealth challenged the Church’s view of
usury (charging interest for loaning money)
 German and English kings disliked Italian control
of the Church
 The Church had a great deal of political power
and wealth- Popes interfered in the politics of
other countries
 Corruption in the church
 Sale of indulgences (certificate purchased for
the forgiveness of sins
The First Protestant Reformer
Martin Luther
 Was angered by sale of indulgences
 Wrote the 95 Theses which outlined his
disagreements with the Church
 When he refused to take them back he was
excommunicated and he formed his own church,
the Lutheran Church, the first protestant church.
 Views
 Salvation by faith alone
 Bible was the ultimate authority
 All humans equal before God
Other Protestant Reformers

John Calvin (Calvinist Tradition)
• Predestination- those who were saved
was chosen by God at birth
• Faith revealed by living a righteous life
• Working and being successful showed
you were chosen by God

King Henry VIII (the Anglican
Tradition)
• Wanted a divorce but Pope refused to
give him one
• Established himself as the head of the
national church in England
• Appropriated (took) the land and wealth
of the Church in England
• Dismissed the authority of the Pope in
Rome
Reformation in Germany
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Princes in Northern Germany
converted to protestantism
The Hapsburg family and princes in
the South continued to support the
Pope and Church
Thirty Years’ War- conflict between
the Protestants of the North and the
Catholics of the south
Reformation In England
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Anglican Church became the national
church throughout the British Isles
under Elizabeth I
The Reformation contributed to the
rise of capitalism (private
ownership of business with the goal
of making a profit)
Reformation in France
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Catholic monarchy granted French
Protestants, Hugenots, freedom of
worship by the Edict of Nantes
(later revoked)
Cardinal Richelieu changed the focus
of the Thirty Years’ War from
religious to political in an attempt to
increase the power of France.
Catholic Counter Reformation
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Series of reforms by the Church
designed to stop the spread of
Protestantism and reassert the
Church’s authority
Society of Jesus (Jesuits) founded
to act as missionaries and teachers
Inquisition established as a church
court to try and punish heretics
(those who went against the chuch)
Role of the Printing Press
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Gutenberg invented a printing press
with moveable type
Books became more available and
less expensive
• Growth of literacy
• Bible of printed in English, French, and
German
Important in spreading the ideas of the
Reformation and Renaissance
Results of the Reformation
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Growth of secularism
Growth of individualism
Growth of religious toleration
Factors contributing to the Age of
Discovery
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Gold
• Demand for gold, spices and natural
resources in Europe
•Glory
-Political and economic competition
between European empires
•God
-Desire to spread Christianity
Improvements in navigation
Caravel –new type of ship
Compass
Astrolabe
Contribution of Prince Henry the
Navigator of Portugal
Established a school for navigators,
sailors and mapmakers
Financed early voyages of exploration
Major explorers
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Portugal- Vasco da Gama
Spain
• Christopher Columbus (discovered the
New World)
• Hernando Cortez (defeated the Aztecs)
• Franciso Pizarro (defeated the Incas)
• Ferdinand Magellan (1st to
circumnavigate the globe-sail around
the world)
More explorers
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England
• Sir Francis Drake
•France
-Jacques Cartier
Results of the Age of Exploration
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Diffusion of Christianity
• Migration of colonists to new lands
• Conversion of indigenous (native) people
•Expansion of overseas territorial claims and
European emigration to North and South America
• Indigenous people were killed and enslaved
•Rigid class system and dictatorial rule in Latin
America
•Forced migration of some Africans into slavery
•Colonies imitated the culture and society of
mother countries
Columbian Exchange
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Western Hemisphere agricultural
products such as corn, potatoes, and
tobacco changed European lifestyles
European horses and cattle changed
the lifestyles of American Indians
European diseases like smallpox
killed many American Indians
Results of trade
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Africa
• European trading posts along the coast
• Trade in slaves, gold and other products
•Asia
-Colonization by small groups of Merchants
-India, the Indies and China
-Portugese, Dutch and British set up trading
companies
Impact of the Columbian Exchange
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Shortage of labor to grow cash crops
led to the use of African slaves
Slavery was based on race
European plantation system in the
Caribbean and the Americas
destroyed indigenous economics and
damaged the environment

Triangular Trade
• Linked Europe,
Africa and the
Americas.
• Slaves, sugar and
rum were traded
• Most slaves came
from coast of West
Africa
• Middle Passage was
the voyage of
slaves across the
Atlantic Ocean
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Export of precious
metals
• Gold and silver
were exported to
Europe and Asia
• Incas and Aztecs
and other natives
were used as slave
labor in mines
• Increase in supplies
of gold and silver
led to inflation in
Spain
Ottoman Empire
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Located in Asia Minor
Expanded
• Southwest Asia, Southeastern Europe,
Balkan Peninsula, North Africa
•Capital at Constantinople renamed Istanbul
•Islamic religion as a unifying force that accepted
other religions
•Trade in coffee and ceramics
Mughal Empire
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Located in North India
Spread Islam into India
Building of the Taj Mahal
Influence of the Indian textiles on
the British textile industry
Europeans established coastal ports
in India to compete for trade
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China
• Creation of foreign
enclaves to control
trade-foreigners
were restricted to
certain cities
• Emperor controlled
foreign influence
and trade
• Increase in
European demand
for Chinese goods
such as tea and
porcelain
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Japan
• Characterized by
powerless emporor
ruled by shogun
(military leader)
• Adopted policy of
isolation to limit
foreign influences
Commercial Revolution
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Mercantilism
• Economic practice adopted by European
colonial powers in an effort to became
self-sufficient
• Based on the theory that colonies
existed for the benefit of the mother
country
• Competition for overseas markets,
colonies and resources
Commercial Revolution
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New economic system emerged
• New money and banking system were
created
• Economic practices such as
mercantilism evolved
• Colonial economies were limited by the
economic needs of the mother country
Stand Up and Stretch!
Let’s see how much
you remember.
The Scientific Revolution

Pioneers
• Copernicus-developed heliocentric
theory
• Kepler- discovered planetary motion
• Galileo- used telescope to support
heliocentric theory
• Newton-discovered laws of gravity
• Harvey-discovered circulation of the
blood
Scientific Revolution
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Importance
•emphasis on reason and
systematic observation of
nature
•Formulation of the scientific
method
•Expansion of scientific
knowledge
Absolute Monarchies

Characteristics of absolute
monarchies
• centralization of power
• concept of rule by divine right
•Absolute monarchs
•Louis XIV-France
•Frederick the Great-emphasized
army in Prussia
•Peter the Great-wanted to
westernize Russia
Development of the rights of
Englishmen as a result of the
English Civil War
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Struggle between Roundheads
(Puritans) and Cavaliers (supporters
of the king)
Oliver Cromwell became Lord
Protector and King Charles I was
executed.
The monarch was restored by
Charles II.
•Glorious Revolution
•William and Mary took over the
throne to prevent a Catholic
from becoming King
These events increased the power of the
parliament over the King.
Englishmen’s rights were protected by the
English bill of Rights of 1689
The Enlightenment
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Applied reason to the human
world, not just the natural world
stimulated religious toleration
Fueled democratic revolution
around the world
Enlightenment Thinkers
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Thomas Hobbes
• Leviathan
• The state must have central authority to
manage behavior
•John Locke
•Two Treatises on Government
•People are sovereign; monarchs are
not Chosen by God
•People have Natural rights
•Montesquieu
•Spirit of the Laws
•The Best form of government includes
a separation of powers- Judicial,
legislative and executive
•Jean Jacque Rousseau
•The Social Contract
•Government is a contract between rulers
and the people.
•Voltaire
•Religious toleration and separation of
Church and State
Enlightenment Artists,
philosophers and writers
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Bach, Mozart- composers
Eugene Delacroix-painter
Voltaire-philosopher
Cervantes- Novelist, DonQuixote
Paintings depicted classical subjects,
public events, natural scenes, and
living people (portraits)
New forms of Literature-novel
Improvement of Technology
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All weather roads improved year
round transportation and trade
New designs in farm tools increased
productivity (agricultural revolution)
Improvement in ship design lowered
cost of transportation
Influence of the Enlightenment
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Political philosophies of the
Enlightenment fueled revolution in
the Americas and France
Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of
Independence incorporated Locke’s
ideas
The Constitution of the US
incorporated ideas of separation of
powers.
French Revolution
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Causes
• Influence of Enlightenment Ideas
• Influence of the American Revolution
• Events of the French Revolution
Storming of the Bastille -seen as the
beginning of the Revolution
 Reign of Terror
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French Revolution
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Results
• End of absolute monarchy
• Rise of Napoleon
unsuccessful attempt to unify Europe
under French domination
 awakened feelings of national pride
and growth of Nationalism
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Influence of American and
French Revolution
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Independence movements came to
French, Spanish and Portuguese
colonies
Toussaint L’Ouverture-Haiti
Simon Bolivar- South America
Congress of Vienna
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Restored Monarchies after the defeat
of Napoleon.
Wanted to maintain a “balance of
Power”
stimulated the growth of nationalism
new political philosophies
• liberalism- government should change
• conservativism- no change
Unification of Italy
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Count Cavour unified Northern Italy
Garibaldi joined Southern Italy to
northern Italy
The Papal States (including Rome)
were last to join Italy
Unification of Germany
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Bismarck-Leader of Prussia
Philosophy was Realpolitik-do what
ever is necessary to achieve and hold
power.
Franco-Prussian War lead to creation
of Germany
Now let’s review very
quickly
Answer these questions using
your flip cards
Industrial Revolution
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Began in England (resources
available)
invention and improvement of the
steam engine (James Watt)
Spread to Europe and US
Important to Textile, steel and iron
industries
Enclosure movement provided labor
supply
•Factory system
•Technological advancements
•Eli Whitney-cotton gin
•Bessemer- process to make
steel
•Jenner -small pox vaccine
•Pasteur-discovered bacteria
Impacts of the Industrial
Revolution
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Population increase
increased standard of living for many
improved transportation
urbanization
environmental pollution
increased education
dissatisfaction of the working class
with working conditions
Growth of middle class
Political philosophies
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Capitalism
• Adam Smith’s
Wealth of Nations
• Market competition
• no government
interference in
economy
• Laissez-faire
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Socialism and
communism
• Karl Marx ‘s
Communist
Manifesto and Das
Kapital
• Response of
injustices of
capitalism
• redistribution of
wealth
Imperialism
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Industrial revolution motivated
Europeans to compete for colonies to
provide raw materials and markets
for manufactured goods.
Invention of the cotton gin led to an
increased demand for African Slaves
in the southern US
Colonized people responded with
armed conflicts (Boxer Rebellion in
China) and independence
movements
Forms of imperialism
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Colonies- South Africa, Congo
Protectorates-Egypt (Suez Canal)
spheres of influence- China
World War I
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Causes
• M ilitarism
• A lliances
• I mperialism
• N ationalism
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Important people
• Woodrow Wilsonpresident of the US
• Kaiser Wilhelm IIruler of Germany
• Nicholas II- Russian
Tsar overthrown
• Lenin- leader of the
Bolshevik
Revolution in Russia
Major events of World War II
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Assassination of Austria’s Archduke
Ferdinand
United States enters the war
Russia leaves the war after the
Bolsheviks take over
Treaty of Versailles ended the war
• Germany blamed and made to pay
reparations
Outcomes of World War I
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Colonies demanded independence
End of Russian, Ottoman, German
and Austro-Hungarian Empire
Enormous cost of lives, property and
social disruption
League of Nations established but US
did not join- was not effective
Great Britain and France given
mandates in Middle East
Great Depression-1930’s
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Causes
• German reparations
• Dominance of US in
global economy
• High protective
tariffs
• expansion of credit
• Stock Market Crash
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Impact
• High unemployment
• Bank failures and
collapse of credit
• Collapse of prices in
world trade
• Growth of Fascist
parties in Germany
and Italy
Totalitarian Governments of the
1930’s
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Soviet UnionUSSR
• Joseph Stalin
• 5 year plans to
speed
industrialization
• Collectivization
of farms
• Great Purge
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Italy
• Benito Mussolini
• Fascist party
• Restore the glory
of Rome
• invasion of
Ethiopia
Totalitarian Governments

Japan
• Hirohito- emperor
• Hideki Tojo- military
leader
• military took control
of the government
• wanted to
industrialize
• desire for raw
materials caused
invasion of China
and Korea
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Germany
• Adolf Hitler( Mein
Kempf) and the
Nazi (National
Socialist ) party
• Inflation and
depression
• Anti Semitism
• Extreme
nationalism
• targeted communist
and Jews- blamed
for loss of WWI
World War II (1939-1946)
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Aggression by totalitarian powers
Nationalism
Failure of Treaty of Versailles
Weakness of League of Nations
Appeasement
Europe and US were isolationist and
pacifist- wanted to prevent war
World War II

Major events of
War
• German invasion of
Poland
• Fall of France
• Battle of Britain
• German invasion of
Soviet Union
• Japanese attack on
Pearl Harbor
• D-Day
• Atomic bomb
dropped on Japan
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Major leaders
• Franklin RooseveltUS President
• Harry TrumanPresident after
death of FDR
• Eisenhower,
MacArthur and
Marshall- US
Generals
• Winston ChurchillBritish Prime
Minister
Holocaust
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Genocide
Hitler’s attempt to eliminate the Jews
based on his ideas of the Germans as
a master race.
Final Solution-concentration camps,
extermination camps, gas chambers
6 million Jews killed
other targets-Poles, Slavic people,
Jehovah witnesses, Homosexuals,
disabled
Other examples of genocide
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Armenian genocide by Turks of the
Ottoman Empire after WWI
Peasants, political opponents in the
Soviet Union under Stalin
The educated, artists, monks and
minorities by Pol Pot in Cambodia
Tutsi minority by Hutu in Rwanda
Muslims and Croats by Bosnian Serbs
in Yugoslavia
Outcomes of WWII
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European powers’ loss of empires
2 major powers- US and USSR
War crimes trials in Nuremburg and
Japan
Division of Europe- Iron Curtainallies of US and allies of USSr
United Nations established
Marshall plan to rebuild Europe
Formation of NATO and Warsaw Pact
Reconstruction of Germany
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Democratic government installed in
West Germany
Germany and Berlin divided by Allies
Reconstruction of Japan
•US Occupation under MacArthur
•Democracy and economic development
•elimination of Offensive capabilities
•dominant economic in Asia
Cold War (1945-48)
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Yalta Conference
Soviet control of Eastern Europe
Rivalry between US and USSR
Democracy and Free enterprise vs.
dictatorship and communism
President Truman and the policy of
containment (prevent the expansion
of communism)
Cold War (1948 -1989)
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NATO vs. Warsaw Pact
Korean War
Vietnam War
Berlin and the Berlin Wall
Cuban Missile Crisis
Nuclear weapons and the theory of
deterrence
Important people
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Chiang kai-Shek (Jiang Jieshi) leader
of nationalist China
Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong) leader
of communist China
Ho Chi Minh- Leader of communists
in Vietnam
Independence movements
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India
• elimination of British rule
• led by Gandhi- civil disobedience and
passive resistance
• country divided along religious linesPakistan (Muslim) and India (Hindu)
• India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri
Lanka became independent
African Independence
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Right to self determination given by
UN charter
Peaceful and violent revolutions
pride in African culture and heritage
resentment of imperialist rule
Great Britain, France, Belgium and
Portugal lost colonies
African Independence
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West Africa- peaceful transition
Algeria- War for independence from
France
Kenya (British)- Violent struggle
under leadership of Kenyatta
South Africa- Black South Africans’
struggle against Apartheid
Middle East
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French Mandates
given
independence
• Syria
• Lebanon
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British mandates
given
independence
• Jordan
• Palestine (part
became Israelhomeland for Jews
Resulted in Middle East conflicts
created by religious difference
Other ethnic religious conflicts
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Northern Ireland
Balkans (former Yugoslavia)
Collapse of Communism
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Soviet economic collapse
Nationalism in Warsaw Pact countries
Tearing down Berlin Wall
Breakup of USSR
Expansion of NATO
One last review!!!!