Unit 2, Activity 7, Scientific Revolution Personalities
CHAPTER 8 ~ IMPORTANT PERSONALITIES …
Instructions – Use chapter 6 in your text book &/or internet to find the answers.
Personality
Native Origin
Nicolaus Copernicus
Poland
Italy
Galileo Galilei
England
Issac Newton
Tycho Brahe
Johannes Kepler
Denmark
(Danish)
German
England
Francis Bacon
French
Rene Descartes
Zacharias Janssen
Anton van
Leeuwenhoek
Evangelista Torricelli
The Netherlands
(Dutch)
The Netherlands
(Dutch)
Italy
Germany
Gabriel Fahrenheit
Sweden
Anders Celsius
Belgium
Andreas Vesalius
(Flemish– the
Dutch-speaking part
of nation in the
north.)
Scientific Discovery &/or
Invention
heliocentric theory,
idea that earth & planets
revolve around the sun
Built a telescope & studied
heavens. Jupiter had 4
moons, sun had dark spots,
Earth’s moon has rough &
even surfaces.
The same force ruled
motion of the planets & all
matter on Earth & space
Recorded movements of
planets
Planets revolve in elliptical
orbits around the sun NOT
circles
Experimental Method – to
experiment & then draw
conclusions
Analytical Geometry –
linked algebra & geometry
Invented the 1st microscope
Observed bacteria &
examined red blood cells for
the 1st time
Developed the 1st mercury
barometer – measures
atmospheric pressure &
predicting weather
Made the 1st thermometer –
showed water freezing at 32
degrees
Mercury thermometer –
showing water freezing at 0
degrees
Dissected human corpses &
published observations.
Created detailed drawings
of human organs, bones, &
muscles.
Published Works
(not all will have one)
On the Revolutions of the
Heavenly Spheres
Starry Messenger
And
Dialogue Concerning the
Two Chief World Systems
The Mathematical Principles
of Natural Philosophy
n/a
n/a
n/a
Famous Quote –
“I think, therefore I am”
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
n/a
On the Structure of the
Human Body
Unit 2, Activity 7, Scientific Revolution Personalities
Edward Jenner
England
Ireland
Robert Boyle
Personality
Native Origin
England
Thomas Hobbes
England
John Locke
France
Francois Marie Arouet
(Voltaire)
France
Baron de Montesquieu
Introduced vaccine to
prevent smallpox –
Produced the world’s 1st
vaccination.
Pioneered the use of the
scientific method in
chemistry. Considered the
founder of modern
chemistry.
n/a
The Sceptical Chymist
Boyle’s Law – explains how
volume, temperature, &
pressure of gas affect each
other.
Political Revolution / Ideas Published Works
(not all will have one)
Social Contract –
Leviathan
Agreement by which people
define & limit their
individual rights, thus
creating an organized
society or government
All people are born free &
n/a
equal with 3 natural rights –
life, liberty, & property
Created the foundation
modern democracy Government’s power comes
from the consent of the
people
Fought for tolerance,
reason, freedom of religious
beliefs, & freedom of
speech
Studied political liberty –
Proposed that separation of
powers would keep any
individual or group from
gaining total control of the
government.
“separation of powers” &
“checks & balances” ~ basis
for the U.S. Constitution
Published more than 70
books of political essays,
philosophy, & drama
On the Spirit of Laws
Unit 2, Activity 7, Scientific Revolution Personalities
Switzerland
Individual freedom
The Social Contract
Jean Jacques Rousseau
Civilization corrupted
people’s natural goodness
Only good gov’t is one that
is freely formed by people
& guided by the “general
will” of society – DIRECT
DEMOCRACY
Italy
Cesare Bonesana
Beccaria
Inspired many of the leaders
of the French Revolution
Laws existed to preserve
social order, not to avenge
crimes
n/a
Criticized – torturing of
witnesses & suspects,
irregular proceedings in
trials, & punishments that
were arbitrary or cruel.
People should get a speedy
trial & torture should
NEVER be used.
Punishment should fit the
crime. Capital punishment
should be abolished.
England
Mary Astell
England
Mary Wollstonecraft
France
Emilie du Chatelet
Influenced law in Europe &
in North America.
Improve statue of women,
more education for women,
Equality in a marriage
Women, like men, need
education to become
virtuous & useful.
Women need to enter fields
of medicine & politics
Helped women gain interest
in science
A Serious Proposal to the
Ladies
A Vindication of the Rights
of Woman
n/a
Unit 2, Activity 7, Scientific Revolution Personalities
Personality
Native Origin
Denis Diderot
France
England
Area of Concentration
&/or Accomplishment(s)
Helped spread
Enlightenment ideas to
educate people all over
Europe
Wrote 1st true English novel
Published Works
(not all will have one)
Encyclopedia
Pamela
Samuel Richardson
Germany
Johann Sebastian Bach
George Friedrich
Handel
England
England
Wrote dramatic organ &
choral music
Wrote dramatic organ &
choral music
Wrote English masterpiece
n/a
n/a
Tom Jones
Henry Fielding
King of Prussia
Fredrick the Great
Granted many religious
freedoms, reduced
censorship, & improved
education.
n/a
Reformed justice system &
abolished the use of torture
King of Austria
Joseph II
Successor of Maria
Theresa (her son)
Queen of Russia
Catherine the Great
(Catherine II)
Virginia, USA
Thomas Jefferson
Called himself “the 1st
servant of the state”
Legal reforms, Freedom of
the Press, Freedom of
Worship
Abolished serfdom &
ordered that peasants should
be paid for labor with cash
Expanded Russian empire
westward
Supported free speech,
religious freedom, & other
civil liberties
Designed the Virginia state
capitol building & many
buildings for the University
of Virginia
Founder of the University of
Virginia.
n/a
n/a
Declaration of Independence
Statute of Virginia for
Religious Freedom
Unit 2, Activity 7, Scientific Revolution Personalities