Edit Notes
Review for quiz 1
English 12
Compound Sentences
O What is a compound sentence?
 A compound sentence consists of two or more simple
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sentences or clauses put together.
Of course, you must remember that a simple sentence
contains one subject and one predicate.
A clause is a group of words containing a verb and its
subject (See page 524).
What is the difference between a clause and a phrase?
A phrase does not have a subject and a verb.
A clause that can stand by itself as a sentence is a main
clause or independent clause.
A clause that cannot stand by itself as sentence is a
subordinate or dependent clause (often introduced by a
subordinating conjunction. AAWUUBIS!)
A compound is a pure substance that is formed by
the combination of atoms of or more elements
by either transfer or by sharing of electrons.
Connect with your understanding of science…
Edit Note 1
1. She doesn’t have much money but she
wants to help you.
 She doesn’t have much money, but she
wants to help you.
2. Always have someone with you when you
swim or you may find yourself without help
when you need it.
 Always have someone with you when you
swim, or you may find yourself without help
when you need it.
3. The students arrived on time but left before the teacher
came in.
 The students arrived on time but left before the teacher
came in.
O Commas are not used between two verbs, two subjects,
two complements, or two objects joined by a
coordinating conjunction.
O Georgetown, for example, has eliminated one-third of its
graduate programs in the past five years and recently
decided to close its dental school. [compound verb]
4. The symbols are clear in the story and they clearly
develop the theme.
 The symbols are clear in the story, and they clearly
develop the theme.
Short clauses…what to do?
O He hit the ball well but he ran toward third
base.
O John arrived early but Paul was late.
O Contending that the coordinating
conjunction is adequate separation, some
writers will leave out the comma in a
sentence with short, balanced independent.
O If there is ever any doubt, however, use the
comma, as it is always correct in this
situation.
Edit note 2
Introductory dependent clauses, relative pronouns and
subordinate conjunctions
.
O Introductory dependent clauses are set off by
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commas.
Relative pronouns: Who, whose, whom, which
and that.
Why are they relative pronouns?
They introduce adjective clauses.
What is an adjective clause?
Adjective clause = modifies a noun or pronoun
Relative pronouns refer to a word in the main
clause and are used in place of that word.
Dependent clauses AKA subordinate clauses.
A subordinate clause—also called a dependent clause—will begin with a
subordinate conjunction or a relative pronoun and will contain both a subject
and a verb.
This combination of words will not form a complete sentence. It will instead
make a reader want additional information to finish the thought.
Relative pronouns
O Who
O
O Whose
O
O Whom
O Which that
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Subordinate conjunctions
AAAWWUBBIS!
After, although, as, when,
while, until, because,
before, if, since
Some others…
Unless, during, whatever,
even though, in order to,
though, whenever.
Subordination emphasizes the idea in the main clause more
than the one in the subordinate clause.
Remember this important point: A subordinate clause cannot
stand alone as a sentence because it does not provide a
complete thought. The reader is left wondering, "So what
happened?"
1. Until we found the source of the fire
everyone was searching nervously.
Subordinating conjunction
 Until we found the source of the fire,
everyone was searching nervously.
2. Because everyone seemed satisfied with
the
answer we moved on to a new subject.
Subordinating conjunction
 Because everyone seemed satisfied with the
answer, we moved on to a new subject.
Subordinate clause review
O http://www.chompchomp.com/terms/subor
dinateclause.htm
3. Isabel Allende is a writer who uses magical
realism in her novels.
 Isabel Allende is a writer who uses magical
realism in her novels.
 Why no comma?
 No introductory dependent clause!
Edit Note 3 – Restrictive (essential
clauses) and commas
O A restrictive clause points out the person or
thing it modifies. Without the restrictive
clause, the meaning of the sentence is
confused or incomplete.
O Restrictive clauses are not set off from the
rest of the sentence by commas.
Restrictive =
Essential
O A restrictive element is just part of a sentence you can’t get rid
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of because it specifically restricts the noun. Here's an example:
Desserts that contain chocolate please Squiggly.
The words “that contain” restrict the kind of desserts we're
talking about.
Without those words, the meaning of the sentence would
change.
Without them, we'd be saying that all desserts please Squiggly,
not just the ones with chocolate.
With thanks to Grammar Girl:
http://grammar.quickanddirtytips.com/which-versus-thatadvanced.aspx
Not necessary? Give it a “hug.”
O On the other hand, a non-restrictive element is
something that can be left off without changing
the meaning of the sentence. A nonrestrictive
element is simply additional information.
O Chocolate desserts, which are his favorites,
please Squiggly.
O Leaving out the words “which are his favorites”
doesn’t change the meaning of the sentence.
With or without the words “which are his
favorites,” we know that chocolate desserts
please Squiggly. Nonrestrictive elements are
surrounded by commas.
It is safe to throw out the
witches!
O If you think of the Wicked Witch (Which) of
the West from The Wizard of Oz, you know
it’s okay to throw her out. You won’t change
the meaning of the sentence without the
which phrase. So, you can throw out the
which (or witch) clause, commas and all.
That and Which (pg. 710)
O Use THAT to introduce restrictive clauses and the
word WHICH to introduce nonrestrictive clauses.
O Participial phrases that identify or point out the
thing or person they modify are restrictive.
O The woman standing on the chair is the director
(Without the phrase, the sentence loses its
specific meaning.)
O The paper attached to the handle gives the
directions for using the sharpener. (The phrase
identifies the paper.)
Quiz 1 – 4 Review
O Remember the differences between restrictive and
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nonrestrictive clauses.
A NONRESTRICTIVE CLAUSE is a dependent clause that
presents added information that is not needed for the
meaning of the sentence. IT IS SET OFF BY A COMMA
OR COMMAS.
NON RESTRICTIVE = NON ESSENTIAL
Let’s practice: Write a sentence with a nonrestrictive
clause that comes at the end of a sentence. Punctuate
correctly.
I have a toy, which is broken. Correct?
Without which is broken, the meaning of the sentence is
incomplete.
Quiz 1 – 4 Review
O Let’s try this again.
O Let’s practice: Write a sentence with a nonrestrictive
clause that comes at the end of a sentence.
Punctuate correctly.
O I read a book, that was very boring, for my
english class.
O This sentence is SO WRONG ON SO MANY LEVELS! ;)
O How can we fix it?
O I read a book that was unbelievably exciting for my
English class.
So for next week’s quiz (44
points)…
O Review commas with conjunctions.
O Commas with introductory, restrictive and
nonrestrictive clauses.
For Edit note 5 – review the use of commas
with prepositional phrases introducing a
sentence. See 11.6 and 2.13 if you want to
review the prepositional phrase.