Biology Final Exam Review Spring 2014
Unit 7: Viruses and Bacteria
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Describe the two parts of a virus and be able to draw and label
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Explain the steps of lytic cycle. Be able to describe and list in the correct order.
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Describe the steps of lysogenic cycle, especially integration.
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Name and describe any two viral diseases
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Describe why we need a new flu vaccine every year
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Discuss why viruses are consider non-living.
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Describe vaccines and how the virus is manipulated, inactivated virus and attenuated virus.
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Describe the role and function of T-cells and B-cells.
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Explain the difference between HIV and AIDS.
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Describe aseptic techniques and why they are used.
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Define inoculation and incubation
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Explain the difference between eukaryotic or prokaryotic bacteria.
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Describe and identify the three bacterial shapes.
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Describe bacterial growth using the prefixes diplo, strepto and staphylo with the bacteria
shapes.
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Name and describe one bacteria disease
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Discuss our current problems with antibiotic resistance
Unit 8: Protists, Fungi and Plants
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Explain how Protists are classified; list and describe characteristics of the three Protist groups.
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Describe the characteristics of organisms in the Kingdom Fungi.
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Explain how fungi obtain nutrients, including their role as decomposers.
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List some beneficial and harmful effects fungi can have on humans.
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Discuss the adaptations plants have to survive on land environments such as the presence of
a cuticle, stomata, vascular tissues (xylem, phloem) and a seed (with its parts).
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Explain the alternation of generations of plants; define gametophyte and sporophyte and apply
to a plant by observing the life cycle.
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Discuss the difference between a nonvascular plant, seedless vascular plant and vascular
seed plants; give examples of each type.
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Distinguish between monocot and dicot plants.
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Relate the structure of roots, stems, and leaves to their functions.
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Relate the role of leaf gas exchange and transpiration to photosynthesis.
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Identify the parts of a flower and their functions; link to seed and fruit development.
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Discuss several pollination mechanisms; relate the pollination mechanism of a flower to its
structure.
Unit 9: Invertebrates
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List the characteristics of animals.
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Distinguish between an invertebrate and vertebrate; exoskeleton and endoskeleton: closed
and open circulatory systems; external and internal fertilization; sessile.
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Define the following terms: cephalization, anterior, posterior, dorsal and ventral.
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Define symmetry and describe the three types (asymmetry, radial symmetry, bilateral
symmetry) using examples.
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Describe the three types of body cavities (acoelomate, pseudocoelomate, and coelomate) and
give an example of an animal that belongs to each type.
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Describe the body structure and systems of a sponge (ex: reproduction, feeding and digestion,
etc.)
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Describe the body structure (ex: polyp, medusa) and systems of a cnidarian (ex: feeding
methods/specialized cells and digestion, nervous system, etc.)
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Describe the body structure and systems of flatworms and roundworms (feeding methods/use
of scolex and digestive tract, respiration, etc.)
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Describe the body structure and systems of annelids (digestion/digestive tract,
excretion/nephridia, etc.). Provide several examples of annelids.
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List and describe the three classes of mollusks (ex: type of body cavity, function of the mantle,
animal examples).
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Describe the systems of the clam/mollusks (ex: circulation, feeding methods and digestion,
excretion/nephridia, etc.)
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List the characteristics of arthropods (ex: type of body cavity, segmentation, jointed
appendages, purpose of molting, etc.)
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Describe the body systems of the arthropods /crayfish(ex: circulation, feeding methods and
digestion, excretion, etc.)
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Compare and contrast the body systems of the earthworm and crayfish (Comparative
Physiology assignment)
Unit 10: Vertebrates: Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles and Birds
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List the characteristics of Phylum Vertebrata (3).
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List and describe the three classes of fish and provide an example for each.
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Identify the external features on the fish and describe the functions of each.
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Describe the body systems of the fish
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circulation/heart structure & flow,
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respiration,
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nervous system/brain structures & functions,
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excretion,
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reproduction,
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digestion./digestive tract,
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bouyancy/swim bladder
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Describe the classification of frogs and toads and give several examples.
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Explain the amphibian life cycle and metamorphosis.
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Describe the systems of the frogs and toads (ex: circulation, digestion, excretion/cloaca,
reproduction/egg characteristics, respiration/alveoli, etc.)
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Explain the difference between the following methods of embryonic development: oviparous,
viviparous, ovaviviparous; Compare and contrast amphibian and reptile eggs.
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Describe the nervous/sensory organs of reptiles and their functions.
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Describe the circulatory system of reptiles. Compare and contrast the crocodile heart with
other reptiles.
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Distinguish between an endotherm and an ectotherm.
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Explain the structure of the heart and the purpose of a cardiac (intraventricular) septum.
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Explain the function of the following structures of the vertebrate digestive tract and accessory
organs: esophagus, stomach, liver, gall bladder, small/large intestines and cloaca.
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Describe the characteristics of the aves/birds (ex: bone structure, feathers, metabolism rate,
circulation, digestion, excretion/cloaca, reproduction/egg characteristics, respiration/air sacs,
etc.)
Unit 11: Vertebrates: Mammals
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List and explain the four characteristics of a mammal.
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List and explain the three groups of mammals and give an example for each. Describe the
function of a placenta.
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Explain the purpose of the skeletal system. Distinguish between tendons and ligaments;
identify the number of bones in a human.
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Distinguish between the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system and their
respective functions.
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Explain the following structures and functions of the human nervous system and endocrine
systems: cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblongata, brain stem, neuron and pituitary gland.
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Explain the purpose of the human reproductive system. Describe the location and function of
the ovary, testes, and seminiferous tubules.
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Describe where fertilization occurs in humans and the sequence of stages from fertilization
through pregnancy and birth.
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Trace the flow of blood through the human circulatory system; describe the function and
location of the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins.
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Identify all the of the heart including the valves.
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Trace the flow of food through the human digestive tract explaining the structure and function
of each part; include the processes of liquid and solid waste removal.
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Describe the structure and function of the human circulatory system and how gases are
exchanged at the alveoli.
Unit 12: Ecology
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Define ecology, habitat and niche. Distinguish between biotic and abiotic factors and give
several examples.
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Create a diagram of a food chain and food web showing correct energy flow.
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Define the following interaction terms and give an example for each: competition, predation,
mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism.
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Distinguish between autotrophs and heterotrophs; herbivores, carnivores/scavengers,
omnivores and decomposers.
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Create an energy pyramid illustrating the energy movement of 10% for each level.
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Explain the factors that causes changes in a population (ex: natality, mortality, immigration,
emigration).
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Compare and contrast the exponential growth model with a logistic growth model. Desribe the
effects of a population with a carrying capacity.
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Define limiting factor. Distinguish between density dependent and independent limiting factors.
Give real world examples.
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Describe several threats to biodiversity; the importance of biodiversity and the factors that
threaten biodiversity.
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Define ecological succession and the difference between primary and secondary succession.
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Explain why particular biomes exist at particular global locations. Give several examples.