Started because of the
United States annexation
of Texas in 1845
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After its victory, the
U.S. acquired most of
the present day
American Southwest
(Mexican Cession).
1
The present day
states of:
California
Nevada
Utah
Arizona
New Mexico
Colorado
Wyoming
were acquired from Mexico, as part of the
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo.
2
After the
Mexican War
many Tejanos
had to leave
Texas, because
of threat of
violence.
3

Prior to being annexed
by the United States,
Texas was made to
agree to reduce its
public debt by selling
public lands to the
United States.
4
Texas
surrendered its
claim to
New Mexico
5
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Written by Harriet
Beecher Stowe.
Antislavery novel
which caused many
Northerners to
oppose slavery.
6
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Abolitionist
wanted to stop
the spread of
slavery
Problem: Blacks
in the south
lacked basic
rights
Wanted to do
away with slavery
Found in the
North
7
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Allowed Popular Sovereignty to determine
legality of slavery in these territories
Led to violence (Bleeding Kansas)
8
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Supreme Court case which stated slaves were
not citizens and therefore had no rights.
9
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Republican Party formed in the 1850’s as an
anti-slavery party
Abraham Lincoln (R) elected president
Caused Southern states to secede from the
Union.
10
Texas
secedes and
joins the
Confederate
States of
America
Confederate States of America
formed by former Southern states
11
President of the Confederate States.
Jefferson Davis
Commander of the Confederate (South)
forces during the Civil War.
Robert E. Lee
12
President of the United States.
Abraham Lincoln
Commander of Union (North)
forces during the Civil War.
Ulysses Grant
13
 Opening
battle of the Civil War.
14
 Issued
by President
Lincoln
 Freed the slaves in
the rebelling states
(south).
15
Turning point of
the war for the
North
General Robert Lee
(the South) never
advances into the
North again
16
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Speech by Lincoln which reaffirmed the
North’s commitment to winning the war.
17
Split the
Confederacy
in two
• Northern victory which was the turning
point of the war in the West.
• North controlled the Mississippi River.
18
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The End of the Civil War
Trapped and defenseless in Richmond, Virginia,
Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox
Courthouse on April 9, 1865.
The Civil War had come to an end.
19
Most battles that
occurred in Texas
took
place along the Gulf
of Mexico.

Important Texas
Civil War leaders
included:
◦ Francis Lubbock
◦ John Bell Hood
◦ John H. Reagan
◦ John Magruder
◦ Thomas Green
20
Economy:
Left in Shambles
Government:
Collapsed after
Confederate leaders
fled.
Society:
Suffered the loss of
many Texans.
Freed Slaves faced
uncertain future.
21
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About 620,000 Americans lost their lives in
the Civil War.
About 90,000 Texans served and 1,000 were
killed or wounded.
Although only a few battles were fought in
Texas (most battles were by the Gulf of
Mexico), the war left the state’s economy in
shambles. The cotton trade had nearly
stopped.
The Governor and other officials fled to
Mexico at the end of the war. The state’s
government had collapsed.
No one knew who was in charge.
22
 Since
1865, this
day has been
celebrated by
African Americans
living in Texas as
a day of freedom.
23
Many Texans
could not afford
to buy land so
they became
tenant farmers.
24
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Granted Civil Rights
primarily to AfricanAmericans
Expanded the rights of
African-Americans
25
 Ended
illegal.
slavery and made it
26
 Defined
citizenship.
 Gave equal
protection
under the law
at all levels of
government.
27
 Granted
Black
men the right
to vote
(suffrage).
28
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After Congress enacted the Civil Rights Act
(which guaranteed freedmen’s rights), former
Confederates were barred from voting or
holding office
Instead, freedmen, so-called carpetbaggers
(Northerners who went south seeking
personal gain) and scalawags (Southerners
who had sided with the North during the Civil
War) held political power in the Southern
states.
Many Texans opposed these policies
Laws written that
denied African
Americans civil
rights guaranteed by
the
U.S. Constitution
30
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Poll taxes and literacy
tests in Texas were
created during the late
1800s to restrict the
voting rights of African
Americans
Reaffirmed by the ruling
in the Supreme Court
case, Plessy v. Ferguson
31
 Were
used to protect
settlers moving into
West Texas.
 Also
used as scouts
in the Mexican War
“Los Diablos Tejanos”
32
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Fastest form of transportation on land.
Encouraged urban growth along their routes
Led to the growth of cities and westward
expansion.
Contributed to the growth of industry in the
U.S.
33
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Cotton Gin- Eli WhitneyCreated a demand for
slaves
Steel Plow - John DeereIncreased agricultural
production
Mechanical Reaper - Cyrus
McCormick- Increased
grain production
34

West TX/Panhandle farmers and
ranchers depended on the
windmill for:
◦ Irrigation
◦ Livestock
◦ Railroads/Steam powered engines

Windmills assisted with
development of the TX
Panhandle in the late 19th
century
35
 Invented
by Robert Fulton
 Decreased travel time on
water.
36
 Natural
Harbors/Seaports
contributed to the growth of trade
during the late 19th century.
◦ Example: Galveston
37
The discovery of oil
near Beaumont,
TX.
Effect: caused an
economic boom &
created
many jobs for
Texans
38
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A much more powerful Second Industrial
Revolution took place after the Civil War.
Economy of the entire nation (including Texas)
moved from farming to industry.
Companies began to get much larger and
production was greatly increased.
Americans moved from rural areas to cities to
take jobs in factories.
Eventually industrialization created environmental
problems for Texas (i.e. pollution, water usage, etc.)
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The formation of national labor unions in
the late 1800s was mainly a response to
poor working conditions and low wages in
many industries.
A union is a group of workers who join
together to bargain with the owners of
companies
Gives workers greater influence over
management
Texas Knights of Labor - Their goal (objective)
was to support skilled and unskilled laborers.
40
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Conflict in Europe between 1914-1918,
(Allies vs. Axis Powers)
The United States tried to avoid involvement
in World War I by following a policy of
neutrality.
Neutrality = not taking sides
Sinking of American ships eventually led
President Woodrow Wilson to ask Congress
to declare war on Germany in 1917.
41
 Results
of the War:
◦ Allies won, Treaty of Versailles
ended War
◦ Germany faced harsh penalties,
loss of land and money
◦ League of Nations was formed
42
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1900 Galveston Storm --- in September 1900 over
4,000 people died when the storm hit Galveston
Island; no warning system in place; tidal wave
covered the island
EFFECTS:
◦ Rebuilt island
◦ Built seawall around the island
◦ Developed a commission form of city government
PROGRESSIVES: people desiring a change or
progress to improve society, they wanted
political, social and economic reforms
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Temperance Movement --- prohibition era
◦ 18th amendment passed in 1920 --- eventually
repealed in 1930’s
Suffrage Movement --- women’s right to vote
◦ 19th amendment passed in 1920
Poll Tax --- required people to pay a tax in order
to vote in elections --- made illegal in future
amendment
All of these reforms were eventually included as
U.S. Constitutional Amendments
•
•
•
Strong winds lifted the soil into the air
creating large clouds of dust called “Black
Blizzards.”
Period in the 1930’s
in which drought and
dust ruined crops and
killed thousands of
cattle.
Causes:
– Farmers burning
unprofitable crops
– Overgrazing by cattle
caused erosion
– Severe drought
Texas farmers and
ranchers experienced
financial hardships
during this time.
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The Stock Market Crash of 1929 was devastating.
Businesses went bankrupt, which meant they lost
all their money and were unable to pay their debts.
More that twelve million people (one out of every
three workers) lost their job. Those that kept their
jobs were forced to work for much less pay.
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Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) was elected President in
1932 during the Great Depression.
He had promised to get the economy back on its feet.
FDR proposed a plan called the New Deal. It included
dozens of new programs designed to help the nation
and put people back to work.
Texas benefitted from New Deal programs because of
the electrification of Texas rural areas.
By 1939, business had improved, but there were still
about nine million people out of work.
The economy did not fully
recover until World War II.
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World War II was the result of Germany, Italy, and
Japan’s conquests of neighboring nations in the
late 1930s.
The Allies- Britain, France, the United States, and
Russia- tried very hard to avoid war.
Eventually, war broke out in Europe as Nazi
Germany, led by Adolf Hitler, conquered one nation
after another.
 Gasoline
was
rationed
 People planted
victory gardens
 More women
worked in
factories
49
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The United States and the Soviet Union became the chief world
powers, and their differences led to the cold war which lasted for
the next forty years.
The Soviet Union dominated those countries in Eastern Europe that
its troops had liberated from the Axis powers.
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Many Texans served in the military and many,
such as Audie Murphy and Chester Nimitz,
served with distinction.
Thousands of women served in noncombat
positions, like Oveta Culp Hobby of Houston
who commanded the Women’s Auxiliary Army
Corps (WAAC).
Cold War
•TX
gets more industrial jobs
•No fighting; just race for power for
over 40 years
•Soviet Union (U.S.S.R.) tried to
compete with the U.S. over weapons,
land, economy, trade, etc.
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Established to help veterans after the war
Provided financial assistance for veterans to
go to college after returning from the war
Many minority groups still experienced
discrimination in college educations and jobs
Dr. Hector P. Garcia created the American GI
Forum to assist Hispanic veterans
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TX and U.S. disagreed over who controlled
the rights to the land under the Gulf of
Mexico
Texas wanted to drill for oil off-shore and get
profits from the oil discoveries
U.S. Supreme Court ruled in favor of TX off
shore rights
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Wanted equal pay as men
Job opportunities like men
Because of WWII, women began wanting to
work outside of the home
Beginning of Affirmative Action lawsuits and
practices; Title IX required universities to
open all athletics competitions and
programs to women
NOW (National Organization of Women) was
formed to help get women rights

Before 1919, most of the western states had
given women the right to vote.
56
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A major goal of the civil rights movement of
the 1950s and 1960s was to end racial
segregation
Martin Luther King Jr. -Major leader of 1960s
civil rights movement
◦ Wrote and delivered the famous “I Have A
Dream” speech to bring attention to the
ending of racism in America
57
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Voting laws prevented Blacks from voting
(EX: poll tax, prohibited from political
primary elections, etc.)
Discrimination in schools illegal; 1954
Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka;
also ruled against “separate but equal”
schools
NAACP helped gain rights for Blacks
GI Forum (Hector P. Garcia) helped rights of
Hispanics; also assisted by LULAC (League
of United Latin American Cizens)
CORE (James L. Farmer) established
“Freedom Rides” throughout the South
 Interstate
highways allowed urban
and suburban areas of Texas to
increase
 Connected the major cities of
Texas
 Connected Texas to other states
for trade purposes
59
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A republic is a limited government with
elected representatives serving the people.
In a limited government everyone, including
all authority figures, must obey the laws.
http://www.dcccd.edu/images/dsc/facilities/projects/generalinfo/001F.jpg
http://www.texaswallpaper.com/0033-800.jpg
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 The
sharing
of power
between a
national
government
and states.
61
 Each
branch of the government is
assignment specific powers.
62
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Executive- President: Carries
out / enforces the laws
Legislative- Congress: Makes
laws
Judicial- Courts: Interprets the
laws
63
The President leads
the Executive
Branch in our
nation’s capital.
The Governor leads at
the state level.
64
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Prevents one branch of the government from
becoming too powerful.
Ensures that one branch of government would
not gain too much power.
65
We hold the final
authority in
government.
(Popular Sovereignty)
Belief that the people hold
the final authority in
government
66
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Addition or change
to the Constitution.
2/3 approval vote in
both houses of
Congress.
¾ approval of states.
67
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It is a section in our constitutions that
outline the civil liberties, or individual
rights, that a government promises to
protect.
First 10 Amendments to the Constitution.
Protects Unalienable Rights ---A right that
cannot be taken away from a citizen.
68
Guarantees individuals the
right to freely engage in any
religious practices that do
not directly harm other
individuals.
This means that people
have the right to gather
peacefully with others
without fear that the
government will use force
against them.
A more simple definition of the
right to petition, is “the right to
present requests to the
government without punishment or
reprisal
Freedom of the press allows
newspapers, radio, and
television to write or
announce what they want
without fear of punishment.
Freedom to say or write almost
anything in public.
Americans cannot be put in jail for
criticizing the government or for
expressing individual beliefs.


1845 – Texas is
annexed to the
U.S. as the 28th
state
1861 – Texas
secedes and joins
the CSA; the Civil
War begins

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1876 – adoption of
the current TX.
Constitution
1901 – discovery
of oil at Spindletop
70