Mechanics of Wind Energy
PAKISTAN
Wind energy Basics
PAKISTAN
November 2006
March 2007
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Index
IPEK energy
Wind Energy – An Introduction
Wind Energy – Global Scenario
Legal Frame / AEDB and Role of AEDB
Wind Resources in Pakistan
Wind Energy – Some Practical Issues
Wind Energy – An Analysis / Outlook Pakistan
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IPEK energy GmbH
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IPEK energy GmbH
We
are an independent engineering & consultancy company
support you from acquisition to turnkey ready construction
of renewable power generation systems worldwide
offer skilful support with international financing and after
commissioning
take the technical business management
are very flexible and act in close cooperation with our clients
exactly to the requirements of the international markets
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Key Services
Engineering & Consulting
acquire suitable sites
complete permitting procedures
negotiate required Power Purchase Agreement (PPA)
organize international funding
supervision of construction till take over of the plan
control operations management
Wind Measuring
standard IEC confirm measuring trough Wind Mast
and SODAR measuring
Bankable Feasibility Studies
Due Diligence
Emissions Trading
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Osman Ipek – Managing Director
Electrical Engineer (Main Branch Renewable Energies)
Active in Wind Branch since 2000
project development
project management
project implementation
engineering
due diligence
measurement and monitoring systems
wind resource assessment
teaching and education, concepts; strategies; system
layout
18 Wind farm Projects realized
More than 800MW projects developed in 6 countries
Due Diligence of more than 220MW wind projects
Feasibility studies for more than 40 wind farms
Currently on going Projects of >500MW in Turkey, Iran and
Pakistan
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Osman Ipek – Managing Director
Countries of Work Experience (alphabetical order):
Croatia
Germany
Hungary
Iran
Italy
Lithuania
Pakistan
Spain
Turkey
Yemen
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Membership/ Partners
Memberships
German Wind Energy Association
Partners
WINDTEST Grevenbroich GmbH
Pakistan Wind Energy Association
Wind Rose Consultancy
The Association of German Engineers
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Wind Energy – An Introduction
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How wind is converted to power?
A wind turbine obtains its power input by
converting the force of the wind into a
torque (turning force) acting on the rotor
blades
The amount of energy which the wind
transfers to the rotor depends
on the density of the air
the rotor area
and the wind speed.
In other words you can get more energy:
the "heavier" the air
the “bigger” the rotor
the “higher” the wind speed
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Key Components of a Wind Farm
Wind Turbines
Civil Works
Foundations
Road Network
Crane Places
Service buildings
Residential Quarter
Electrical Works
Step-up transformers
Wiring
Sub-station for power delivery
Wind Measuring Towers
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Components of Wind Turbine
690V
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Wind Energy – Global Scenario
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Global Cumulative Installed Capacity 1995-2006
80,000
70,000
60,000
MW
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
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Global Annual Installed Capacity 1995-2006
16,000
14,000
12,000
MW
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
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Capacity Addition - 2006
Rest of theworld
, 2,405 , 16%
US , 2,454 ,
16%
Italy , 417 , 3%
UK , 634 , 4%
Portugal , 694 ,
5%
Germany ,
2,233 , 15%
Canada , 776 ,
5%
France , 810 ,
5%
China , 1,347 ,
9%
India , 1,840 ,
12%
Spain , 1,587 ,
10%
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Annual Installed Capacity by Region
60,000
Pakistan ?
50,000
40,000
MW
2004
30,000
2005
2006
20,000
10,000
Africa
and ME
Asia
Europe
Latin
America
North
America
Pacific
Region
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Turbine Size Growth
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Basis Frame of Wind Energy Investment
Legal Frame
Wind Energy potential
Tariff
20
Legal Frame in Pakistan
Alternative Energy Development Board
(AEDB)
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Background
Government of Pakistan created the Alternative Energy
Development Board (AEDB) in May 2003 to act as the central
national body on the subject of Renewable Energy
Air Marshal (Retd) Shahid Hamid was appointed as the
Chairman of the Board
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Target of AEDB
Ensure 10% Share of Alternative Energy Technologies in
National Grid by Year 2015
Act as Central Agency
a- Awareness
b- Policies
c- Facilitate Creation of Base in Pakistan for Alternative Energy
(AE) Technologies
Develop National Plans and Policies for AE
a- Tax Holidays
b- Encourage Private Sector
c- Facilitate Investment
Foster Sustainable Development
a- Facilitate Enhancement of Technical Skills.
b- Initiate & Incubate Projects
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Achievements
Working actively in the fields of:
Wind Power
Solar Power
Micro Hydels
Biomass
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Why Wind Power for Pakistan
Vast resources (estimated capacity around 40,000 MW)
Area closer to the Grid resulting in easier off-take by power
purchaser
Wind Energy is a proven technology which can be trusted and
guaranteed for project life
Most Cost effective (after small hydro which are located in
remote inaccessible areas and with grid availability)
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Benefits for Sponsors – Legal Frame
Guaranteed Sale
Wind Risk is covered by the Gov. of Pakistan
Guaranteed Returns for Investors
Protection against foreign exchange rate fluctuations
Protection against inflation in local markets
No Taxes (income / import etc)
Benefit of Carbon Credits shared
Complete Security package to protect Interests of Investors
and Lenders
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AEDB - Wind Power
LOIs have been issued to almost 80 interested Investors
Investors are coming from Pakistan but also from Canada,
Malaysia, Turkey, USA etc
Policy for development of renewable energy in Pakistan has
been approved
PPA is in final stage
Up-front Tariff have been approved by NEPRA to facilitate fast
track project development
Several Investors have accept the approved Tariff of NEPRA
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LOI – Procedure in Pakistan
Registration with AEDB
Submission of proposal to AEDB
Issuance of LOI by AEDB on submission of fee of Rs. 600,000
- after due diligence of financial strength of the company
Land allocation (on availability from Gov. of Sindh)
Feasibility Study (for onward submission to NEPRA &
NTDC/KESC after AEDB's vetting and approval)
Generation License (from NEPRA)
Power Purchaser's commitment for purchase of power
Tariff acceptance.
Energy Purchase Agreement
Implementation Agreement
LOS (to be issued by AEDB)
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Processing Schedule (< 50MW)
Activity
Typical Allowance (Days)
a. Submission of proposal on raw site by the sponsors
–
b. Review of proposal by a Project Committee constituted by
Chairman, AEDB
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c. Posting of bank a guarantee by sponsors @ US$ 500 per
MW
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d. Issuance of Letter of Interest (LoI) by the AEDB
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e. Initial time allowed to carry out feasibility study and term of
the LoI
Up to18 months, to be
determined on a case-tocase basis
f. Tariff negotiations between sponsors and power purchaser
90
g. Approval of tariff by NEPRA
180 (maximum period)
h. Submission of Performance Guarantee @ US$ 2,500/MW by
sponsors upon approval of tariff by NEPRA
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i. Issuance of LoS by the AEDB
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A Typical Wind Farm Project Plan
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Basis Frame of Wind Energy Investment
Legal Frame

Tariff
Wind Energy potential
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Tariff - International
Wind Tariff onshore 2006 in comparison
Pakistan
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Basis Frame of Wind Energy Investment
Legal Frame
Tariff
Wind Energy potential


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Wind Resources in Pakistan
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Wind Resources in Pakistan
The project area for the wind mapping was 1,100km
along Sindh and Balochistan coast and up to 100km
deep northward over land from the coast.
44 stations for collecting wind data have been installed
to study the wind regime as shown in figures.
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Wind Resources in Baluchistan
List of 23: Aghore, Basol, Bella, Gaddani, Gawadar, Hoshab, Hub-Choki,
Jiwani, Liari, Makola, Managi, Mand, Nasirabad, Nelunt, Ormara, Othal,
Pasni, Phore, Pishukan, Ramra, Tump, Turbat, Winder.
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Wind Resources in Sindh
List of 21 stations: Badin, Baghan, Churhar-Jamali, Gharo, Golarchi,
Hawks-Bay, Hyderabad, Jati, Kadhan, Karachi, Kati-Bandar, Matli,
Mirpur-Sakro, Nooriabad, Sajawal, Shah-Bandar, Talhar, Thano-BulaKhan, Jamshoro, DHA Karachi, Thatta.
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“Wind Corridor” in Pakistan
.
MONTH:
GUPIS
GILGIT
3.6
MONTHLY WIND MAPPING OF PAKISTAN
CHITRAL
4.6
DROSH
3 .3
JUNE
2 .5
BUNJI
3.1
2 .5
CHILAS ASTOR
2 .9
SKARDU
DIR
ANEMOMETER HEIGHT 30 METERS
1.0
DATA SOURCE: METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT OF PAKISTAN
1.3
PESHAWAR
1.7
1.9
1 M/S
1.5
PARACHINAR
6 M/S
3 .4
MUZAFFARABAD
BALAKOT
1.1 KAKUL
1.9
ISLAMABAD
2 M/S
7 M/S
3 M/S
8 M/S
1.4 JHELUM
4 M/S
9 M/S
KOTLI
0.9
5 M/S
D. I. KHAN
10 M/S
WIND SPEED
COLOUR CODE
3.3
2 .5
2 .2
4.3
2 .3
LORALAI
FAISALABAD
4.0
3 .3
QUETTA
MULTAN
2 .5
NOKUNDI
BARKHAN
SIBI
2 .2
2 .2
DALBANDIN
KALAT
3.8
BAHAWALNAGAR
2.5
BAHAWALPUR
2.5
JACOBABAD
KHANPUR
3.4
3.1
Average summer wind
direction from Gharo to
Hyderabad
LAHORE
ZHOB
4.1
7.8
SIALKOT
JUNE
SUKKUR
2.9
PANJGUR
KHUZDAR
3.6
STUDY REPORT BY
PAKISTAN COUNCIL FOR APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY
NAWABSHAH
6.1
PADIDAN 3.0
5.1
JIWANI
9.7
ORMARA
KARACHI
5.9
5.2
HYDERABAD
9.0
CHOR
COMPILED BY BRIG DR NASIM A. KHAN
8.1
BADIN
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Monthly Energy Yield vs. Time of Day
Monthly Energy Yield vs Time of Day
1200
1000
MWh
800
600
400
200
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Juli
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
November
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Wind at 80m height (calculated)
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Mean
5,6
6,1
6,2
9,1
11,1
12,1
10,2
11,7
9,4
5,4
4,9
5,6
8,1
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Basis Frame of Wind Energy Investment
Legal Frame
Tariff
Wind Energy potential



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Wind Power in Pakistan
14 Investors have been allocated land for project development
4 Investors have already installed own wind measuring
stations
3 Investors have been started the foundation work of own
wind measuring stations
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Ground Breaking Ceremony MASTERWIND
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Ground Breaking Ceremony ZORLU
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Wind Energy – Some Practical Issues
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Wind speed
The wind speed is extremely important for the amount of
energy a wind turbine can convert to electricity
The energy content of the wind varies with the cube (the third
power) of the average wind speed
If the wind speed is twice as high it contains eight times as
much energy
2³ = 2 x 2 x 2 =8
Wind measuring is important to get the real wind speed at the
specific site
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Wind measuring
The best way of measuring wind speeds at a
prospective wind turbine site is to fit an
anemometer to the top of a mast which has
the same height as the expected hub height
of the wind turbine to be used.
This way one avoids the uncertainty involved
in recalculating the wind speeds to a different
height.
By fitting the anemometer to the top of the
mast one minimizes the disturbances of
airflows from the mast itself.
If anemometers are placed on the side of the
mast it is essential to place them in the
prevailing wind direction in order to minimize
the wind shade from the tower
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50m Wind Mast –Zephyr Power
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60m Wind Measuring Mast- NPE
First 60m Wind
Measuring mast in
Pakistan
(www.KonDen.com)
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80m Wind Measuring Mast- BEL
First 80m Wind
Measuring mast in
Pakistan
(www.windroseone.com)
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Selecting a Wind Turbine Site
Wind Conditions
Looking at nature itself is usually an
excellent guide to finding a suitable WF site.
 trees and shrubs (wind direction)
 move along a rugged coastline (notice
that centuries of erosion have worked in
one particular direction)
 Meteorology data, ideally in terms of a
wind rose calculated over 30 years is
probably your best guide,
 Maybe wind turbines are already in the
area
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(Source: internet)
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Jhimpir
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Selecting a Wind Turbine Site (2)
Grid Connection
Large WTG have to be connected to the electrical grid (10-30 kV)
Grid Reinforcement
The electrical grid near the WTG should be able to receive the
electricity coming from the turbine.
Soil Conditions
Both the feasibility of building foundations of the turbines, and road
construction to reach the site with heavy trucks must be taken into
account with any wind turbine project.
Pitfalls in Using Meteorology Data
Precision measurement of wind speeds, and thus wind energy is not
nearly as important for weather forecasting as it is for wind energy
planning, however.
Wind speeds are heavily influenced by the surface roughness of the
surrounding area, of nearby obstacles (such as trees, lighthouses or
other buildings), and by the contours of the local terrain.
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Transport
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Transport (2)
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Weights / Numbers
Tower of GE 1,5:
64.7m
86 tons
85m
98 tons
100m
113 tons
Nacelle:
Hub:
Blades:
52 tons
14 tons
21 tons
50MW WF with GE1.5 Hub 64.7m:
33 x 173 tons = 5,709 tons
Number of Transport Trucks:
Tower:
3
Nacelle:
1
Hub:
1
Blades:
3
Total:
8
For a WF with 50MW
 264 heavy trucks
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Foundation
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Crane
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Tower installation
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Tower installation
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Nacelle and Blade installation
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Transformer / Cable
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Wind Energy – An Analysis
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Worldwide Success Stories
Annual turnover in 2006 of more than 13 billion Euros (17
billion US Dollars)
> 2-3 billion Euro possible in Pakistan
Estimated 150,000 people employed around the world
Add of new JOBS in Pakistan
In Denmark, 20% of the country’s electricity is currently
supplied by the wind
> 10% possible in Pakistan
In northern Germany, wind can contribute 35% of the supply
In Spain, Europe’s fifth largest country, the contribution has
reached 8%, and is set to rise to 15% by the end of decade
> Local Manufacture and Export ?
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Benefits of Wind Energy
Prices of fuel are expected to go up substantially in coming
years
On a long term basis, costs of electricity from renewable
sources are more predictable than thermal energy
Wind energy reduces cost of electricity now and in the future
Much lower external costs, and has the benefit of additional
earnings from CO2 certificates
Wind is an indigenous resource. Does not require foreign
exchange expenditure on import of fuel. Also adds security to
countries energy mix. Long term supply of wind is assured
Is environmentally friendly. Very low external costs
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Summary
AEDB has to developed a plan, that the federal
goal of 10% of RE in 2015 can be reached
1,800 – 2,700 MW Wind farms are planned till
2015
Annual installation of 200 – 380 MW
Government takes the “wind risk”
 project financing is possible
Land will be leased from Sindh Government to
reasonable rates
No costs for the external grid connection
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Contact
For any further information please contact us:
IPEK energy GmbH
Marktplatz 4
48431 Rheine- Germany
Tel.: +49.5971.91 4619-0
Fax: +49.5971.91 4619-20
www.ipek-energy.com
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