 Abiotic->
non-living organisms
 Biotic-> All living things
 Ecosystems-> made up of all biotic and
abiotic factors
 Habitat-> specific place where an
organism is found
 Microhabitat-> mini habitats (sand
granules)
 Homeostasis-> maintaining equilibrium /
balance
Problems:
›Death
›Fail to reproduce
Zone of
Intolerance
* Death
*Reprod uction does
not occur
•Cannot
Maintain
Homeostasis
Stress Zone
Expend too
much
energy and
they won’t
reproduce
Optimal Range
All environmental
Factors are met.
20-30 C
Stress Zone
Zones of
Intolerance
Expend too
much energy
and they
won’t
reproduce.
Environment
is too far
gone from
the optimal
range that
the organisms
cannot
survive.
Death
Failure
to reproduce
Can’t maintain homeostasis
Sunlight
Temperature
Salinity
Pressure
Nutrients
Wastes
 Photosynthesis->
Energy for all
life
 Aids in Vision-> avoid
predators, capture prey, and
communicate
 Darkness-> rely on other
senses, taste / smell
 Phytoplankton->
largest
photosynthetic organism.
› Microscopic, plantlike and bacteria
that float in ocean currents. They
thrive on sunlight and nutrients so if
the water is cloudy they won’t
survive.
 Example-> North Atlantic plankton has to
live in the shallows because sunlight can
only penetrate about three feet or one
meter.
 South Pacific= 200 meters or 600 feet
Excessive
sunlight = intense
heat= desiccation (drying out)
Algae suffers pigment
destruction when exposed to
too much sunlight which limits
their ability to photosynthesize.
 Obtain
body heat from their surroundings
 Examples-> fish and crabs
 Regulate
body temperature from the
inside because of its metabolism
(generates heat internally / lots of fat)
 Examples-> mammals and birds
 Exposed
to high and low tide
 Drastic changes in temp. from
hot days to very cold nights.
 Organisms have to adapt
quickly
 Fish kills
Defined
as :
The amount of the
concentrated
dissolved
inorganic salts in
the water.
 Most
organisms membranes are
permeable (things can pass through
the skin)
 Not permeable to everythingselective
 In order to maintain homeostasis there
needs to be a balance between
water and solutes
 When a solute cannot move across
the membrane osmosis takes over
(H2O goes from areas of high
In the open ocean spider crabs cannot
regulate the salt concentration of their body
fluids because their bodies absorb water and
salt.
 Bays, estuaries, and tide pools are really
affected because of evaporation. Water
evaporates but the salt remains highly
concentrated.
 Fiddler Crab-> able to adjust the salt content
of their body tissues by regulating salt and
water retention.

 Water
is denser than air
 The deeper you go the more pressure you
feel
 Know that the human body is mostly water,
and that in recreational diving, water
pressure will be felt in the air spaces of the
body (lungs, sinuses and ear canals).
 10 meters=33 feet=1 atm=14.7 pounds per
square inch
 3,700 meters= 370 atm = 2.7 tons
 Build
up of nitrogen bubbles in the
body- Breathe in 79%
 Dive-> pressure increases in and
around our body->nitrogen becomes
absorbed in our body tissues
 When it reaches saturation that’s
when you have a problem because
the pressure needs to be released
 Ascend
slowly with frequent
“decompression stops” every 10-20
feet. This allows for the built up of
nitrogen to slowly exit the body.
Not
 If you do not do this-> nitrogen Do
put in
notes
bubbles build up in the body
 The bubbles must normally be on the
arterial side of the circulatory system
to be harmful - they are usually
harmless on the venous side.
 There are many different types.
Extreme Fatigue
 Joint and Limb Pain
 Tingling
 Numbness
 Red Rash on Skin
 Respiratory Problems
 Heart Problems
 Dizziness
 Blurred Vision


Headaches

Confusion
Unconsciousness
Ringing of the Ears
Vertigo
Stomach Sickness




Do Not
put in
notes
Not
just food but
also organic and
inorganic
materials.
Alone
produces nitrogen (no
plants=low nitrogen) and
phosphorus which
phytoplankton and plants
need
Calcium-> corals, shells,
skeletons, and crustaceans
 By-product
o photosynthesis
 Life evolved in lack of a free oxygen
environment so when it entered it was
probably harmful (like pollutants and
chemicals are to organisms now)
 Allowed environment that would
allow evolution of multicellular
organisms
Oxygen
dissolves at or near
surface
Waters ability to dissolve
oxygen comes from
temperature and salinity
Cooler/ less salty water= more
oxygen
Warm / saline water= less
oxygen
Survive
and thrive without
oxygen
Deep Sea
Salt marshes
Sand / mud flats
Plant,
Algae, animals,
marine microbes
Need oxygen for
survival
 Too
many nutrients cause issues
such as run-off (eutrophication)
which increases nutrient levels ->
Explosion= algal blooms or
photosynthetic plankton blooms > plankton dies-> bacteria
decomposes-> decomposition
depletes water of oxygen ->
organisms die-> decomposition->
massive die offs
Release
CO2
Nitrogen rich feces
Plants release oxygen
Most of the time waste is
recycled primarily by bacteria,
sometimes levels are toxic
A
group of the
same species
Breed with one another
2. Rely on the same resources
3. Deal with the same
environmental factors
4. Geographical boundaries
where it lives
1.
Population= Pod of Killer Whales (J, K, & L)
Breed with one another- super pods
Same resources-> salmon
Deal with same environmental factors->
salinity, temperature, pollutants, etc.
Geographic boundaries-> Haro Strait
1.
Look at whole area.
* Example- hermit crabs in a salt
marsh
2. Count the # of individuals in a specific
area.
* Example- 500 barnacles on a rock or
10 sea anemones in a tidal pool.
3. Aerial Surveys
* Ex- Whales and dolphins
4. Sampling Methods-> counting
animals in a plot or transect.
* Take the individuals per plot multiplied
by the total # of plots = population size
Captured-> tagged-> released-> wait a
sufficient amount of time for the animals to
mix back into the population = sample is
taken again and the ration of marked:
unmarked is documented.
 Example: Tag 10 nurse sharks-> release-> two
weeks later catch 10 more-> and two of the
10 have tags= 20% of the entire population in
the area-> population would be 50 sharks
because 20% of 50 =10, and 10 is how many
were tagged initially.

The number of individuals per unit area
or volume.
 Example-> the number of barnacles on a
square meter of rock
 Three types-> Clumped, Uniform, and
Random

 Densely
packed in patches
 May only grow in a certain
area
 Snails clump in areas that are
highly populated in algae
 Ex- oysters, barnacles, schools
of fish
 Evenly
spaced out.
 Result in competition
 Seaweeds compete for
sunlight
 Ex- Sea stars
All
over the place
Lack of strong
interaction among
individuals
Ex- Conchs, Snails
 Added
via reproduction and immigration
 Eliminated via death and emigration
 Each have their own birth and death rate
 Intermediate ages survive longer (young
and old die faster)
 Generation time-> average time between
an individuals birth and the birth of its first
offspring. (shorter generation time = higher
population)
 Killer
Whales Gestation period equals
16 months!
1000
Type I
#
Survivors
100
Type II
10
1
Type III
.1
Young
Old
Low
death rates with early /
middle
Higher older death rates
Ex- Marine Mammals such
as whales
Constant
Mortality rates
over time
Ex- Marine birds and crabs
(molting)
High
mortality rates for
young
Lots of offspring in a short
period of time
Ex- fish, bivalves,
Clutch
size
# of reproductive
events
Age at first
reproduction
Affect
the
number
of
offspring
a
female
will
have
#
of offspring
produced each
time
›Ex-> Sea Turtles
#
times reproduced
Ex-> Pacific Salmon
and Octopus
reproduce only once
and then die.
Young
age-> less energy
for later maintenance
Older-> uses up energy
for maintenance and
could die
Invest
all of its
energy
How
many of its
own offspring
survive to produce
their own offspring.
Phytoplankton
species
Reproduce in large
numbers when
environment is favorable
Better
methods of
homeostasis
Less affected by
environmental changes
Recruitment
›1. Reproduction
›2. Immigration (new
individuals from other
populations joining

Phytoplankton
have to wait
for conditions
to be right
such as
nutrients
 Carrying
capacity is
where it levels
off= how much
the
environment
can support or
hold.
What
factors determine
the carry capacity of an
environment?
› Density dependent factors
› Density independent
factors
 Decrease
reproduction
 Predators- have more to choose
from
 Increase mortality-> decreased
food supply
 Health / survivorship= too many
plants in one area will be smaller
 Stress-> shrinks reproductive organs
Size
doesn’t matter
Weather / Climate
Ex-> Hurricanes can
wipe out an entire
population
Communities->
Populations of
different
species in the
same habitat
Barnacles
Mussels
Seaweeds
Sea
Stars
Snails
Niche->
“occupation”
its role in the
environment
Mussels-
Stick to rocks
and filter seawater
Crabs- scavenge
Worms- burrow in
sediment
Predator-prey
relationships
Parasitism
Competition
for resources
Organisms that provide
shelter for others
Fight
/
compete for
space, food,
and mates
•
Interspecific Intraspecific
Between
• Between
different
members of
species.
a single
species
No
two groups of
organisms can use
exactly the same
resources in exactly
the same place at
the same time.
Local
extinction of
a less successful
competitor=
competitive
exclusion
 The
#of herbivores are crucial
 Plants->herbivores->
omnivores/carnivores
 If there is not enough vegetation
herbivores decline because of
starvation-> vegetation increases> herbivores increase.
Carnivores
and their prey
(they switch when prey
declines)
Some predators focus on
species that are abundant
because they expend less
energy -> eats lots of one
species
They
keep the
entire
ecosystem in
check
NW
Pacific-> Ochre sea
star which is a dominant
predator that feeds on
many organisms but
mainly mussels.
 Ochre
Sea Stars were removed for
five years-> mussels replenished->
mussels overcrowded the
intertidal area-> ochre sea star
came back and the sea
anemones, chitons, seaweeds,
etc. were able to survive again in
this habitat.
Were
hunted to near
extinction for their fur.
Predominately eat sea
urchins and sea urchins
annihilate kelp forests
and seaweeds.
Sea
otter population
Urchin

population
Kelp population
Sea
otters became
protected by the MMPA
and their population slowly
came back and the urchins
decreased and kelp
increased again.
Symbiosis->
relationships
between
organisms-> “living
together”
Both
organisms
benefit
 Clownfish
and sea anemone->
Clownfish has a special mucus all over
its body that protects it from anemones
stings.
 Clownfish picks up anemones scent that
way the anemone does not eat it.
 Clownfish gains protection. Anemone
gains protection from organisms that
might eat it.
One
benefits
and the other is
unharmed
Remoras
and sharks
(remora gains
protection from the
shark as well as eat
the leftover food)
Barnacles
adhering to the
skin of a whale or shell of a
mollusk: The barnacle
benefits by finding a
habitat where nutrients are
available.
Free ride all around the
ocean and are exposed to
different nutrients.
One
benefits
and the other is
harmed.
Parasitic
tapeworm
infects fish and
mammals. They live in the
intestines and deprive
the organism of nutrients.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kZCf
9BvK_4o
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=00D
XYXVRHkQ
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFk
diCQxbyg

Energy flow
through
ecosystems
Make
their own food
from sunlight.
Examples->
phytoplankton,
seaweeds, plants
Not
all producers are
photosynthetic, some are
chemosynthetic (use
energy from chemical
reactions)
Ex.-> Bacteria inhabit
deep sea vents
Rely
on
others for
food.
Detritivores->
Feed
on dead organic
matter
Decomposers->
Break down dead
organisms
Flow
of energy from one
trophic level to the next.
Decrease in available
energy from one level to the
next.
10% rule= decreases 10%
each level
cycles
of
nutrients
needed for life
 Water
 Equator=
supplies the greatest amount
of evaporation in all the oceans due
to excessive eat and sunlight.
 Water vapor is carried north and south
from the equator and west to east
within each hemisphere. When air
masses cool and rise = precipitation
Sea
Salt= precipitation
nuclei= sea salt enters
the air because of waves
crashing. They then
collect water droplets
and when they get heavy
enough they fall back
onto the ground as
precipitation.
Carbon
is essential for all
living things
Backbone of
carbohydrates, proteins,
lipids, and nucleic acids

Living organisms produce carbon when they respire


Organism dies


Decomposers breakdown tissues (CO2)


Marine producers use the CO2 in photosynthesis to make carbohydrates


Carbohydrates are used to make other materials



CO2 reacts with seawater to form carbonic acid (H2CO3) which
forms hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions




Bicarbonate ions are absorbed by marine life
and they combine with calcium carbonate
(shells and skeletons)


The calcium carbonate collects in the sediment and becomes limestone. The
limestone appears on land through geological processes where it becomes
weathered (wind / rain) -> washes back into the ocean.









Producers require nitrogen for protein synthesis, growth, and
reproduction
Ammonia= NH3, ammonium=NH4, nitrite=NO2, nitrate= NO3
Producers use energy from photosynthesis to concentrate
the nitrogen in their tissues and then turn that energy into
amino acids-> proteins
Nitrogen is then passed in the form of proteins to consumers
Proteins and amino acids get processed and released
through uric acid, urea, and ammonia
Atmosphere= 79%
Thunderstorms-> produce nitrates that enter through
precipitation
Major nitrogen fixing organism in the ocean is
cyanobacteria
Run-off from land contains nitrogen from fertilizers, sewage,
and dead biotic factors= huge growth of phytoplankton
 Kelp
forests, estuaries, salt marshes,
mangrove swamps, rocky shores,
sandy shores, coral reefs, open ocean
 Estuary- Receive FW and SW (Tampa
Bay)
 Intertidal Zone- area of shore that is
exposed to both high and low tide
Water
Column
Oceans
bottom
Water
overlies the
continental shelf
Water
that
covers the deep
water basins
Sunlight
occurs =
photosynthesis
Largest number of
photosynthetic organisms
and # animals
Darkness=
no
sunlight penetrates
Lowest
tide to
the edge of the
continental shelf
Continental
shelf to 4,000
meters
4,000
to 6,000
meters deep
6,000
+
Organisms
that live on the
bottom
Organisms
that live
in the bottom
sediment.
Drift
with
currents
Active
swimmers
that move against
currents
 Blue
mussels are distributed based
on the abiotic factors it requires
 Sea Star’s are found in
overlapping areas because of the
abundance of mussels
 Seaweed provides food and
shelter
 Snails are distributed based on
where the seaweed and algae is
located.