Biology Midterm Review Miller and Levine Biology . All of life on Earth exists in a region known as __________________. • • • • an ecosystem the biosphere ecology a biome the biosphere Autotrophs are organisms that_______________ • rely on other organisms for energy and food. • obtain energy from only eating plants • consume plant and animal remains • use energy from the sun to convert inorganic molecules into organic molecules for food The series of steps in which a large fish eats a small fish that has eaten algae is a________. • food web • food chain • pyramid of numbers • biomass pyramid food chain Nutrients move through an ecosystem in ____________. • • • • water cycles energy pyramids biogeochemical cycles biomass pyramids biogeochemical cycles Homeostasis is ___ • the process by which organisms keep their internal conditions stable • part of an organism’s metabolism • a necessary part of evolution • part of your genes the process by which….. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of living things? • • • • all living things are green all living things grow and develop all living things reproduce all living things respond to stimuli all living things are green Most of the energy used by life on Earth comes from the____ • rotation of the Earth • moon • weather • sun sun Chlorophyll is green because ___ • it absorbs green wavelengths • it reflects green wavelengths of light • of an optical illusion caused by transmitted light • it absorbs blue and yellow wavelengths, which makes green Where do plants get the carbon dioxide needed for photosynthesis? • • • • water the sun the air glucose the air The Earth has three main climate zones; ________, ________ and _____________. • polar • temperate • tropical What is considered to be the world’s insulating blanket? • • • • oxygen the atmosphere the ocean solar energy the atmosphere Which of the following is NOT an example of a density-dependent limiting factor? • • • • natural disasters competition predation diseases natural disasters Only about ___% of the energy available within one trophic level is transferred to organisms in the next trophic level. • • • • 1% 90% 10% 0.1% 10% A ____ links all the food chains in an ecosystem together to form a network of complex interactions. • • • • food chain biogeochemical cycles food web nitrogen fixing food web The total change in a population’s size over time is_____ immigration • birthrate and death rate • emigration • population growth rate • population growth rate Which sentence is true about ocean currents? • Ocean currents transport heat through the biosphere. • Ocean currents have no effect on climate. • Ocean currents are caused by the wind. • Ocean currents occur as a result of constant water temperature. ocean currents transport heat through the biosphere Light energy is converted to chemical energy through the process of • • • • photosynthesis cellular respiration glycolysis fermentation photosynthesis ______ obtain energy from eating only plants. • • • • omnivores carnivores herbivores detrivores herbivores Which factors increase the size of a population? • emigration • emigration, birthrate and immigration • birthrate and immigration • emigration and immigration birthrate and immigration Water entering the atmosphere through evaporation from the leaves of plants is a process called ________. • • • • evaporation condensation transpiration root uptake transpiration A limiting factor that depends on population size is called a_____ • • • • density independent limiting factor parasitic relationship density dependent limiting factor predator-prey relationship density dependent limiting factor The range or area occupied by a population is its_____? • • • • growth rate age structure population density geographic distribution geographic distribution A _____________ factor is a biological(living) influence on organisms within an ecosystem. • • • • niche biotic abiotic habitat biotic Draw a graph of both exponential and logistic population growth. Show carrying capacity where applicable. Cellular respiration occurs in___ • • • • plants only animals and plants animals only bacterial only animals and plants The maximum number of organisms of a particular species that can be supported by an environment is called___ • • • • logistic growth population density carrying capacity exponential growth carrying capacity Plant cells have ____ • • • • mitochondria only both mitochondria and chloroplasts chloroplasts only neither mitochondria nor chloroplasts both mitochondria and chloroplasts Carbon is found in what form in the atmosphere? • • • • carbon dioxide methane calcium carbonate ozone carbon dioxide Density-independent limiting factors include______ • • • • predation hurricanes competition parasitism hurricanes Where are the pigments located in the chloroplast? • • • • in the thylakoid in the mitochondria in the carotenoids in the chlorophyll in the thylakoid An example of an abiotic factor is________________. • • • • algae an animal eats temperature water supply light temperature, water, light The Calvin Cycle takes place in the __ • • • • nucleus stroma thylakoid membrane granum stroma Photosynthesis takes what 3 things to make energy for a plant? • carbon dioxide, water, and energy • carbon monoxide, water, and energy • carbon dioxide cytoplasm, and energy • carbon monoxide, cytoplasm &energy _______ occurs when organisms of the same species try to use an ecological resource in the same place at the same time. • • • • symbiosis mutualism competition resource competition What role does NADPH play in photosynthesis? • • • • storing light storing carbon dioxide storing water storing electrons (energy) storing electrons Any item that is necessary for life (water, nutrients, light, food, space) is called a _______. • • • • habitat resource niche competition resource The part of photosynthesis that does not require light is known as the ____. • • • • The Calvin Cycle The Darwin Cycle The Krebs Cycle The Hooke Cycle The Calvin Cycle What is ATP? • An energy source for plants • a compound created by the smooth endoplasmic reticulum • an energy source for animals • an energy source for both plants and animals energy source for plants and animals _________ is a relationship between two species that live closely together. • • • • community habitat symbiosis predation symbiosis What is the name of the high energy sugar that is formed during photosynthesis? • sucrose • glucose • fructose • maltose glucose The series of predictable changes that occur in a community over time is called ___________. • • • • ecological succession pioneer species evolution none of the above ecological succession What is the role of ATP synthase? • • • • enzyme that breaks down ATP enzyme that creates ADP from ATP enzyme that produces ATP enzyme that breaks down ADP enzyme that produces ATP The gradual change in living communities following a disturbance is called _________________. • • • • chemistry evolution succession biotic succession Which of the following are products of the light reactions of photosynthesis that are utilized in the Calvin cycle? • CO2 and glucose • H2O and O2 • electrons and H+ • ATP and NADPH ATP and NADPH The top layer that plants make up in the rainforest is called the ____ • • • • conifer canopy plankton polar zone canopy The climate zone that receives direct, year round sunlight is the ____ • • • • polar zone equatorial zone temperate zone tropical zone tropical zone The permanently dark section of the ocean is called the _____ • • • • photic level deep level aphotic level abiotic level aphotic level If carbon dioxide is removed from a plant's environment, what would you expect to happen to the plant's production of high-energy sugars? • more sugars will be produced • the same number of sugars will be produced but without carbon dioxide • fewer sugars will be produced • carbon dioxide does not affect the production of high energy sugars Plants produce what two products during photosynthesis? • • • • carbon dioxide and oxygen glucose and carbon dioxide oxygen and glucose nitrogen and glucose oxygen and glucose The number of individuals of a single species per unit area is known as___ • • • • carrying capacity population growth rate logistic growth population density population density A complex of territorial communities that covers a large area and is characterized by certain soil and climate conditions and particular types of plants and animals is called a(n)___. • • • • habitat biome zone tundra . The movement of individuals into an area is called_____? • • • • emigration immigration carrying capacity demography immigration Match the following • 1. biome A. The combined portions of earth in which all life exists. • 2. community B. A community of living organisms in a particular area along with its non- living environment. • 3. population C. A group of similar organisms with common characteristics that are able to breed among themselves. • 4. biosphere D. A group of similar species living in one general area. • 5. ecosystem E. A large community in a distinct region characterized by climate, biotic and abiotic factors. • 6. species F. Several populations of plants and animals in the same region who interact through food and other relationships. Short Answer Questions • Explain what you think might happen is large areas of the rainforest are cut down. • Explain the difference between immigration and emigration. • Explain how density dependent and density independent limiting factors can affect populations. Short Answer Questions • Identify two ways in which industrial development has affected ecosystems. • Explain the role that plant pigments play in photosynthesis. • Summarize what happens during the Calvin Cycle.