Social Psychology Chapter 20 & 21 Review Group Behavior • When the desire to be part of a group prevents a person from seeing other alternatives. Groupthink Group Behavior • When a person performs better in front of a group. Social facilitation Group Behavior • Not doing your best in a group because you think others will do more Social Loafing Group Behavior • When group attitudes become stronger after they discuss and act upon the shared attitudes. Polarization Group Behavior • When a person is willing to do things with a group they would not do alone. Risky Shift Group Behavior • Feeling you are less responsible when with a group Diffusion of responsibility Group Behavior • Loss of self-awareness and selfrestraint, and loss of sense of responsibility when in a group. Deindividuation Helping & Moral Behavior • Sacrificing your own welfare to help another person. Alturism Helping & Moral Behavior • Obviously neglecting someone needing help because of diffusion of responsibility. Bystander Effect Helping & Moral Behavior • Any behavior that helps another person. Prosocial Behavior Helping & Moral Behavior • This real life case study led to the theory of bystander effect. Kitty Genovese Murder Helping & Moral Behavior • These experimenters tested helping behavior by faking an epileptic seizure. Darley & Latane Conformity & Obedience • Found people would knowingly give the wrong answer to conform to the group. Asch’s Line Experiment Conformity & Obedience • Unspoken or unwritten rules – you don’t pass gas in math class but you might when with friends. Implicit Norms Conformity & Obedience • Guidelines for what people should or should not do in a situation Social Norms Conformity & Obedience • Spoken or written rules – dress codes or traffic laws. Explicit Norms Conformity & Obedience • Our the desire to be correct makes us more likely to conform Informational social influence Conformity & Obedience – Our desire to gain social acceptance and approval that causes us to conform Normative social influence Conformity & Obedience • Found most people would obey an authority figure to do something hurtful to another if authority figure accepted responsibility. Milgram’s Shock Experiment Aggression • Found good people will become aggressive in the right environment or when they buy into their roles Zimbardo’s Prison Study Social Perception • People get what they deserve and they deserve what they get. Just-World Bias Social Perception • Recent interactions with a person cause you to change your opinion about them. Recency Effect Social Perception • “When I get good grades it is because I am smart. When I don’t it is because the teacher is bad.” Self-Serving bias Social Perception • The mental processes used in making judgments about people. Person perception Social Perception • First impressions are lasting impressions; dress up for a job interview. Primacy Effect Social Perception • When you think a person is rude because the only time you saw the person was when they were impolite to another; forming a judgment on one behavioral observation. Actor-Observer Bias Social Perception • Tendency to give too much weight to personality factors and not enough weight to situational factors when observing someone’s behavior. Fundamental Attribution Error Social Perception • “When something bad happens it is always my fault. When something good happens it is luck.” Self-Effacing Bias Social Perception • “She deserved to be mugged for being in that neighborhood after dark.” Their misfortune is their own fault. Blaming the Victim Social Perception • Ignores a person’s unique qualities and makes a conclusion about a person based on limited information. Like to group people Social Categorization Social Perception • We often explain our own behavior differently than we explain the behavior of other people; can lead to errors. Attribution Theory Social Perception • Waitresses received higher tips when making change with their customers this way. Physical Contact Attitudes & Prejudice • Positive or negative evaluation of a person, object or idea. Attitudes Attitudes & Prejudice • Prejudice was overcome when groups cooperate to achieve a common goal. Robbers Cave Attitudes & Prejudice • Blaming a complex problem on an undeserving group. Scapegoat Theory Attitudes & Prejudice • After being discriminated against, a person may put down another group that is worse off in order to gain power. Victimization Attitudes & Prejudice • Unfair treatment of a person because they are part of a particular group. Discrimination Attitudes & Prejudice • Children will imitate their parents’ attitudes and parents will reinforce these attitudes in their children. Social Learning Attitudes & Prejudice • Unjustifiable attitude towards a group or a member; usually negative. Prejudice Attitudes & Prejudice • Belief that people with less money are lazy and do not work as hard. Justifying Economic Status Attitudes & Prejudice • Oversimplified belief about a group that is certainly not true about all people in that group. Tall people are good basketball players. Stereotype Attitudes & Prejudice • Tendency to favor one’s own group even at the expense of others. Ingroup Bias Attitudes & Prejudice • Tendency to see people who are not part of our group as being very similar, when we see people of our own group as varied. Out-Group Homogeneity Effect Attitudes & Prejudice • This experiment with school children showed how quickly ingroups and outgroups can be formed and how prejudice can influence one’s performance. Jane Elliot’s Blue/Brown Eye Experiment