Name:
Date:
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World History II
Midterm
Review Packet
Reformation
1. What were Martin Luther’s 95 Theses?
Luther’s arguments against indulgences and other abuses that were happening
within the church
2. What was the major goal of the Counter Reformation (Catholic Reformation)?
To stop the spread of Protestantism and reclaim the power of the Catholic Church
3. What was the main idea of John Calvin’s theory of predestination?
God predetermines ahead of time people’s salvation
4. What criticisms did people have of the Catholic Church during the 1500’s?
The church was becoming more secular and worldly.
Many church officials were living wealthy lives.
5. What were some of the effects of the Protestant Reformation?
The Christian church in Europe was divided into many groups.
6. What were some issues that Martin Luther and the Catholic Church were in
disagreement about?
Both sides disagreed on the practice on indulgences, the definition of salvation,
and church leadership.
7. What is the name of the meeting that occurred between Catholic leaders in 1545
and 1563 to redefine the doctrines of the church in order to counter the Protestant
Reformation?
Council of Trent
8. What church was formed in England when Parliament dismissed the authority of
the Pope?
Anglican Church
9. What is a theocracy?
When church official run the government.
10. What organization did Igantius Loyola form?
Jesuits
Exploration
11. What inventions and changes in technology helped Europeans launch the
Exploration movement? Astrolabe, lateen sail, compass, and carvelle.
12. What were the major goals of the conquistadors in Latin America?
To increase the wealth of Spain
13. What was the purpose of the colonies under mercantilism?
To provide raw materials and markets for the mother country’s goods.
14. What was the Columbian Exchange and what impact did it have on Europe?
An exchange of plants, animals and diseases between the Americas and Europe and
Africa, it introduces new crops into Europe.
15. What are three effects of European exploration?
Europe became wealthy and gained territory.
Africa’s population declined due to the slave trade.
Colonies were used as a source for raw materials.
16. What interest did the European traders have in the Mughal Empire?
Art and Architecture
17. What were the 5 social classes that could be found in Latin American society?
Explain who belonged to each class.
Penisulares- People born in Spain who ruled in Spanish colonies.
Creoles- Spanish born in the Americas
Mestizos – people who are a mix of Spanish and native American
Mulattoes- people who are a mix of European and African
Native American
African
18. What was the purpose of a Joint Stock Company?
To decrease financial risk of investing in exploration
19. Why were Europeans looking for a water route to Asia?
To find a water route to Asia for spices
20. What caused the Mid-Atlantic slave trade to increase in the 1700s?
The increase need for labor to work on plantation
21. What were the effects of the Atlantic slave trade on Africa?
It led to the decline of African kingdoms.
Disrupted African culture and spilt families apart.
22. What was the largest part of the economy of the South American colonies?
Mining
23. What influenced the colonies in developing their government, way of life, and
culture?
Their mother country
Scientific Revolution/Enlightenment/Absolutism
24. What 3 things were important to the Scientific Revolution?
 Emphasis on reason and systematic observation of nature
 Formulation of the scientific method
 Expansion of scientific knowledge
25. What happened during the Glorious Revolution in England?
Overthrow of James II due to being Catholic and William and Mary coming to the
throne.
Power of monarchy decreases and power of Parliament increase with English Bill of
Rights.
26. Who designed and constructed the Palace of Versailles?
Louis XIV
27. Who used the telescope to further prove the heliocentric theory?
Galileo
28. What changes did Peter the Great make in Russia?
Westernization
Strengthened the army and created a navy
29. Which scientist countered the Catholic church’s belief in the geocentric theory?
Copernicus
30. Define divine right. God put the monarch on the throne and the monarch could do
whatever he pleased.
31. Who won the English Civil War?- Oliver Cromwell and Parliament
32. What author included Enlightenment ideas into the Declaration of Independence?
Thomas Jefferson
33. What is an enlightened monarch?
A monarch who uses his position to help his people
34. What were the ideas of Baron de Montesquieu during the Enlightenment and how
are the reflected in the U.S. Constitution?
Checks and balances
Separation of powers
35. According to John Locke and Thomas Jefferson, what should be people do if the
government is not protecting their rights?
If the government is not protecting people’s natural rights, the people can
overthrow the government.
36. Where did the ideas of the U.S. Constitution originate?
The Enlightenment
Revolutions
37. What happened during the Glorious Revolution in England?
William and Mary take the throne from James II after Parliament threatens James II.
William and Mary accept the English Bill of Right which limits their power.
38. Invasion of what country led to Napoleon’s downfall?
39. What was the Napoleonic Code? Standardized the laws throughout France.
40. What was the purpose of the Congress of Vienna?
To achieve political stability in Europe.
41. Who was the leader in charge of the Congress of Vienna?
Metternich
42. What is the principle of legitimacy as seen by the Congress of Vienna?
Restoring the monarchs back to power.
43. Explain the Balance of Power Doctrine as defined by the Congress of Vienna?
Making sure no one European country does not become powerful than the others.
44. What is Nationalism?- pride in one’s country and the desire to be ruled by someone
who has the same religion, language, and culture
45. What was the Napoleon goal with the Continental System against Great Britain?
He was trying to cut Britain off from trade with the rest of Europe, so they would
surrender.
46. What factors contributed to the French Revolution?
Bad harvests
High taxes in 3rd estate
Lavish spending of monarchy
War Debt
47. Define the political philosophy of liberalism.
Led by middle class and favor representative government with a constitution
48. Define the political philosophy of conservatism.
Led by nobles and support absolute monarchy
49. Prior to the French Revolution who paid the majority of the taxes?
The Third Estate who was made up of the peasants and middle class
50. What political philosophy did the participants of the Congress of Vienna believe?
Conservatism
51. Where did the liberal and national revolutions of 1830 and 1848 occur in Europe
and were they successful?
France, Belgium- (successful), and Germany (unsuccessful) – 1830
France- (successful)1848 and Poland, Italy (unsuccessful) -1848
52. What was the purpose of the Reign of Terror?
To crush opposition to the Revolution
53. In reaction to the decisions of the Congress of Vienna and actions of Napoleon, in
which years did Europe see political rebellions?
1830 and 1848
54. Why did Europeans rulers fear the French Revolution?
They would fear it would spread to through Europe
55. What was Garibaldi’s role in the Unification of Italy?
He helped to take control of Southern Italy
56. Who led the slave rebellion in Haiti against the French?
L’Overture
57. Who helped to lead the independence movement in South America?
Bolivar
58. What was Count Cavour role in the unification of Italy?- He was the Prime Minister
of Sardina and through war able to access large chunks of Italy
59. What is Realpolitik?- To undertake what is necessary to stay in power.
60. Which German state led the unification movement?
Prussia
61. Which country owned Brazil before it gained its independence?
Portugal
62. Where did the South American colonies get the idea to become independent and
get rid of their king? The Enlightenment, French and American Revolution.
Industrialization
63. What role does government play in laissez faire theory of economics?
The government does not interfere.
64. What is socialism?- The government controls the main industries and distributes
things as people need them.
65. What is industrialization?
Goods are produced in mass number by machines.
66. How did wealthy landowners in the 1700s increase food production?
They enclosed the land and experimented with different crops.
67. Describe the working conditions early on in the Industrial Revolution?
Dangerous, dirty, long hours, and low pay. Men, children, and women all
worked.
68. What were some opportunities of the created by the Industrial Revolution?
Education increased
Increased standard of living for most
Growth of middle class
Increase in transportation
69. What happened to the standard of living for workers in the western world as a
result of the Industrial Revolution?- It increased
70. What is capitalism?- the private ownership of business with no government
involvement. The price is affected by the supply and demand.
71. What was an important power source during the early Industrial Revolution?
Steam engine