Textiles 8/20
• We can learn about a
population from what they
wore just as we learn from
the tools and other gear they
used on a regular basis
• In many cultures the clothing
worn was indicative of the
social status achieved by
various members of their
society.
• People represent themselves
through textiles – clothing, for
example, says something
about someone's personality.
Ancient
Egyptian
clothingLinen
Fiber 8/21
• The smallest strand that can
be unraveled or untwisted
from a textile
• Raw material, either natural
or synthetic
• A fine, hair-like strand
• Basic building block of fabric
• Each fiber has its own
advantages and
disadvantages
• No perfect fiber that will
adequately serve every
general design purpose exists.
Abaca known globally as
Hemp (natural)
Polyester -Synthetic
Natural fibers 8/22
• Found in nature
and require little
or no processing
• plants -cotton,
linen, ramie
• Animals – silk,
wool
8/23 cellulosic
Plant fibers include
stems, leaves, and seed
hairs found in plants
Cotton
Flax -Linen
Jute
Ramie
flax
Jute
Natural Animal Fibers 8/24
SILK
• Natural protein fiber from
the silkworm
• Sericulture or silk
production
• For more than 2,000 years
the Chinese kept the secret
of silk to themselves, it was
the most guarded secret in
history
• When silk was first
discovered, it was reserved
exclusively for the use of the
ruler
WOOL
• Natural protein fiber-possibly
the first animal fiber to be
made into cloth
• Made primarily from the
fleece (hair) of sheep and
lambs
• Crude wool fabrics have been
found in the ruins of the
Stone Age
• Years ago people knew that
the fleece of sheep was softer
and warmer then the skins of
other animals
Mineral Fiber 8/27
• Asbestos
• Comes from deep in the earth’s
crust
• Found in veins or cracks of solid
rock
• Fibers are resistant to fire, heat,
and acid
• Nonconductor of electricity –was
used in insulation
• Is now banned in US because it
was found to cause cancer-banned
in 1989
Selvage 8/28
• Selvage- the woven
edge of fabric, running
parallel to the warp.
The selvage keeps the
textile from fraying. It is
often used to identify
the manufacturer or
provide a color check.
Selvage
Grain in Fabric 8/29
• effects the way fabric will hang
and drape
• refers to the way threads are
arranged in a piece of fabric
• Lengthwise grain runs parallel
to the selvage-strongest and
most stable
• Crosswise grain runs
perpendicular to the selvage
of the fabric or the cut edge of
the fabric as it comes off the
bolt.
• Bias grain runs on a 45 degree
angle to the selvage
Warp 8/30
• Warp- in weaving, the
yarns placed on the
loom first. They run
lengthwise on the
fabric.
• Weft or filling yarns are
woven over and under
the warp yarns.
WEFT 8/31
• Weft- The crosswise
filling yarns that are
interwoven with
the lengthwise
warp yarns to make
a fabric.
Yarn 9/4
• Fibers that are twisted or
assembled together to form
a continuous strand that can
be made into a textile fabric.
• are made by spinning
various lengths of fibers into
strands
• 3 common methods of
making fabric from yarn are
weaving, knitting, and
bonding/felting
PLAIN WEAVE 9/5
• Plain Weave- The most
used basic weave. Each
filling yarn alternates
crossing over and under
each warp yarn. Like a
window screen or a
tennis racket.
Basket Weave 9/6
• Similar to Plain Weave,
but 2 weft threads are
interlaced with two
warp threads.
TWILL WEAVE 9/7
• Twill Weave- One of
three basic weaves.
Recognized by the
diagonal “twill line” or
“rib” visible in the
finished fabric.
• Denim is an example of
a twill weave
SATIN WEAVE
• The distance the yarn
covers is called a “float.”
Because of these long
“floats” the satin weave is
flat, smooth, and lustrous.
• Usually made of silk or manmade fibers that give a
lustrous, shiny appearance.
• Because of the floats, the
fabric often snags
9/10
Un-Cut Pile Weave 9/11
• Produced by additional
threads in the weft and
warp that form loops or
tufts of yarn that stand
out form the surface of
the fabric.
Terry cloth
Cut-Pile Weave 9/12
• 3 dimensional structure made
by weaving an extra set of
warp or filling yarns with the
ground yarns so that cut yarn
loops create a pile
Velvet
Leno Weave
• a locking type weave in
which two or more warp
yarns cross over each other
and interlace with one or
more filling yarns.
• used primarily to prevent
shifting of yarns in open
fabrics.
• Sheers, semi sheers, and
casements (coarsely woven
sheers
9/13
Jacquard Weave 9/14
• Large-figured designs that
require more than 25 different
arrangements of the warp
yarns to complete one repeat
design
• Woven on Jacquard loom
• Fabrics include: brocade,
damask, tapestry
• Invented in 1801 by Joseph
Marie Jacquard who was a silk
weaver
Antique silk damask
Antique guiled French chair
with silk brocade
Jacquard Loom 9/14
• First machine to use
Wooden Punch cards
which Controlled the
weaving in a continuous
strip
.
Cotton 9/17
• Scientists have found fiber and
boll fragments from the
Tehuacán Valley of Mexico from
about 7000 years ago
• has been grown and used in
India for at least 5000 years and
probably for much longer
• Used in early Rome
• one of the earliest crops grown
by European settlers, having
been planted at the Jamestown
colony in 1607
• Most plentiful of natural fibers
• Plays a major role in everyday
life
Cotton boll
seeds
COTTON FACTS-from South Carolina cotton Museum 9/18
• US paper currency is a blend of
75% cotton lint and 25% linen. A
480 pound bale of cotton can be
made into 313,600 $100.00 bills!
• Sheer cotton muslin, woven in
ancient India, was so fine that 73
yards of it weighed one pound!
• In ancient Egypt, only the High
Priest was allowed to wear a
cotton garment
• Mills in Lancashire, England
exported 7,000,000,000 yards of
cotton fabric in 1913. That's an
amazing 221.97 yards per second!
• To grow the fiber for one
cotton diaper requires 105.3
gallons of water
• one T-shirt needs 256.6
gallons of water
• one bath towel needs 401.4
gallons of water
• a man's dress shirt requires
414.5 gallons of water
• and 987 gallons of water are
required for one pair of jeans.
Cotton Gin 9/19
• designed and
constructed by Eli
Whitney (Yale) in 1793
• machine that
automated the
separation of
cottonseed from the
short-staple cotton fiber
(50 lbs. daily)
• Gin is short for engine
Cotton 9/20
Advantages
Disadvantages
• Takes and holds color
well
• Washes easily, easy care,
comfortable
• Can be woven into sheer
or heavy weight fabric
• Flexibility
• Not damaged by sunlight
and most chemicals
• Not as durable as other
fibers
• Wrinkles easily
• Can mildew and fade
• Absorbs moisture easily
• Cost varies according to
quality of fiber, weave,
ad finish
Quality of Cotton Fiber 9/21
• Determined by 3 factors
• Color of ginned cotton
(cotton fibers separated
from cottonseed
1. Color ranges from white to
yellow white
2. White, Light Spotted,
Spotted Tinged, Yellow
Stained
• Purity(absence of foreign
matter) and quality of
ginning process
• Length of fibers (inherited
genetic characteristic of the
seed variety) weather
,nutrient deficiencies and
excessive cleaning may
affect fiber length
• USDA rates cotton
O Organic Cotton 9/24
• grown using methods and
•
materials that have a low
impact on the environment
•
• Produced following state-fibercertification standards where
organic farming practices have
been used for at least 3 years
• No synthetic commercial
pesticides or fertilizers are used
•
Twice as expensive as
conventional cotton
Additional costs related to
lower fiber yield per acre,
requirements for
processing in facilities free
of harmful chemicals and
smaller quantities of fibers
processed
represents 0.76 percent of
global cotton production.
(2009)
ORGANIC COTTONSEED 9/25
• used for animal feed
• Organic cottonseed
oil is used in a variety
of food products,
including cookies and
chips.
EGYPTAIN COTTON 9/26
• comes ONLY from Egypt where
the humid conditions and rich
soil along the Nile River Valley
create the perfect conditions to
grow long cotton fibers
• falls under the classification of
an ELS (extra-long staple) cotton
• Fiber staples can range from 1
1/2 inches to 2 1/4 inches.
(about twice the size of other
cotton fibers which allows fibers
to be spun into very fine yarns
• Highest quality is a fabric count
of 1000 to 1200
• Softer and more durable than
other cotton
• American version of Egyptian
cotton is known as Pima cotton.
(Pima Indian Reservation in
Arizona in early 1900’s to meet
demand for quality long staple
cotton
Egyptian
cotton
logo was
trademark
ed in 2001
LINEN 9/27
• Made from flax fibers (found in
the stem of the flax plant)
• oldest of all fabric
• evidence has been found in Swiss
lake dwellings dating from 8000
B.C.
• ancient Greece-evidence of a
linen industry is shown on 4,000
year-old tablets
• Bast fiber – from the stem of the
plant
• lightweight and breathable
fabric
• More expensive than cotton
• since 1970, linen fabric
production for apparel has
increased from 5% to 70%.
• Today, Western Europe,
Ireland in particular,
dominates flax and linen
production in both quantity
and quality.
LINEN 9/28
Advantages
• Strong, especially when
wet
• Comfortable, pliable,
lustrous
• Not damaged by sunlight
and chemicals
• Washable
• Takes and holds color
• Absorbent
Disadvantages
• Wrinkles easily if not
chemically treated
• Fades
• stiff
• Difficult to clean
• Absorbs moisture easily
Staple Fiber 9/27
• Any natural or
manufactured fiber
produced in or cut to a
short length measured in
inches or centimeters
cut
crimped
Filament 9/28
• Refers to fibers that are
extremely long
• Made from long,
continuous strands of
fiber
• Made from
manufactured fibers
• Only natural filament is
silk
Filament and Staple 10/1
RAMIE 10/2
• Also known as rhea,
grasscloth, and China
grass
• Been used for several
thousand years in China
• A tall perennial plant
that requires a hot,
humid climate
• Fast growing and can be
harvested every 60 days
• Has to be cut, not pulled
• Has been grown in the
Everglades and Gulf Coast
regions of US, but not
currently
• Produced in China,
Philippines and Brazil
Ramie 10/2
• bast fiber – part of a plant
stem
• one of oldest textile fibers –
used in mummy cloths in
ancient Egypt during the
period 5000-3000B.C.
• Very durable
• long, fine fibers are
naturally white and lustrous
with an almost silky
appearance.
• requires chemical
processing to de-gum the
fiber.
• Blends are more common
than pure ramie - most
typical is 55 %ramie/45 %
cotton
• Blends - available in woven
and sweater knit form.
(Cotton and wool)
RAMIE 10/3
Advantages
• High absorbency
• Greater strength when
wet
• holds shape well ,
• Introduces a silky luster
to the fabric appearance
Disadvantages
• possesses little elasticity and
is somewhat brittle and stiff
which causes fiber breakage
where creased or folded
repeatedly
• Wrinkles easily
• Will not dye as well as cotton
10/4
VELCRO®
• brand name of fabric hookand-loop fasteners which
have been used for 50 years
• consists of two layers: a
"hook" side, which is a
piece of fabric covered with
tiny hooks, and a "loop"
side, which is covered with
even smaller and "hairier"
loops.
X 20 magnification
Terry cloth 10/5
• A slack-tension, warpyarn pile fabric with
loops on one of both
sides of the fabric. Two
sets of warps and one
set of filling yarns are
used. It may have a
jacquard pattern.
JUTE 10/5
• Used in Biblical times
• 61% cellulose
• One of cheapest
fibers
• Grown throughout
Asia-chiefly India and
Bangladesh
• Primary fibers are
short and brittle
• One of weakest of
the cellulosic fibers
• Creamy white to
brown in color
• Used to produce
coffee bags carpet
backing, rope and
twine
10/8 Microban®
• antimicrobial protection
(microbes can double in number
every 20 minutes)
• built-in to products during the
manufacturing process to provide
continuous antimicrobial
protection
• fights the growth of odor causing
bacteria, mold and mildew to
keep fabrics cleaner and fresher
for the useful life of the fabric
Manufactured/ Synthetic Fibers 10/9
• Originally designed to
improve the quality,
durability, and ease of
care of fibers
• Designed to resist soil,
mildew, and insects
• Made from substances
such as wood pulp,
petroleum, and coal
• Produced in labs through
chemical processes
• Mimic natural fibers
because they look, feel,
and act like them
• Have many desirable
characteristics: generally
strong, have ability to
spring back to their
original shape, don’t
wrinkle and are easy to
care for
Manufactured/Synthetic Fibers
10/10
• During the past 5
decades, production
and consumption has
steadily increased
• Today over 80% of
fibers used
• Comprise 75% of U.S.
textile market
• Used for: Apparel
• Furnishings
• Medical applications
• Construction
• Transportation
• Aerospace
applications
• Environmental
applications
Synthetic Fiber Production 10/11
• Made from chemicals
synthesized from petroleum
by-products and other
chemicals
• Chemists discovered that
when a glass rod was
pulled away from a
chemical compound, it
formed a fine filament that
was strong, elastic, and
flexible
• Are produced in similar way
• Thick syrupy liquid is forced
through tiny holes in a
spinneret
• Each tiny hole produces a
fiber
• A spinneret can produce a
few dozen fibers or as many
as several thousands at a
time
Manufactured Re-generated Fibers
10/12
• Produced from
natural materials
such as wood pulp
and other plants and
require some
chemical processing
• Rayon, Acetate and
Lyocell, are the most
common
First known as “Artificial Silk”
Manufactured regenerated fibers
10/15
• Produced from naturally
occurring polymers (very
large molecule made by
connecting many small
molecules)
• Polymers do not occur
naturally as fibers and
processing is needed to
convert them into fiber
form
• Starting material is
cellulose and protein
• 3 regenerated
cellulosic fibers :
rayon, lyocell and
acetate
Rayon 10/16
• First commercially
successful
manufactured
regenerated fiber
• Cellulose fiber
regenerated from wood
pulp
• Production began
around the beginning of
20th Century
• 1910
• Referred to as “Artificial
Silk”
• Name RAYON was not
officially adopted until 1924
• Called VISCOSE IN Europe
• Used in apparel- from
lingerie to suits, dresses,
and sportswear
• Often blended with
polyester
Acetate 10/17
• Originated in Europe
• Dreyfus brothers
experimented with acetate
in Switzerland
• Brothers moved to England
during WWI –acetate was
used as a coating for the
fabric wings of WWI
airplanes
• After war-they perfected
the process of making
acetate fibers
• 1924 became the 2nd
manufactured derivative
cellulose fiber in U.S.
• Dry spun methodpolymers are dissolved in
a solvent of acetate to be
formed into fibers
• First thermoplastic (heatsensitive fiber)
• Fabric melts under a hot
iron
Lyocell 10/18
• Developed by Courtlands, a
European fiber
manufacturer
• Introduced in early 1990’s
as a type of Rayon-1992
• Development was
prompted by a concern
about Rayon’s negative
impact on the environment
• First produced under brand
name Tencel
• Solvent spinning – cellulosic
starting material (wood
pulp) is directly dissolved in
an organic solvent- fiber is
regenerated from that
solvent
• Produced in both Europe
and U.S.
• Properties are more like
cotton than any other
regenerated fiber
POLYESTER 10/19
• English researchers
experimented and
manufactured polyester
fibers called Terylene
• Introduced to U.S. in 1951
under name of Dacron
• Dupont bought the English
patent and started
manufactured polyester in
March 1953
• Often referred to as the
workhorse fiber of the
industry
• most widely used synthetic
fiber in U.S.
• Used alone or blended with
other fibers
• Used for apparel and
furnishings
• First use of polyester filament
fibers was in knit shirts for
men and boluses for women
ACRYLIC 10/22
• Synthetic fiber
• Developed in the 1940’s
• Both dry and wet spinning
methods are used
• Have been called the “warmth
without weight”
• Wet spun fibers can have crosssections varying from round to
bean shape
• Dry spun methods have a dogbone shape
• Fibers are soft, warm, lightweight
and resilient
• Fabricated into woven and
knitted fabric construction
• Often blended with other fibers
especially wool
• Good fiber for sweaters, suits,
coats, and socks
• Superior to wool in their easycare properties and are
nonallergenic
• Declined from 15% to 5% of
world fiber production
• Manufacturing has moved
from U.S and Europe to
China, Taiwan, and India
ACRYLIC
10/23
Advantages
Disadvantages
• Resists wrinkling during
use and care
• Mildew, microorganisms,
and moths will not harm
acrylic
• Lower cost competitor
for wool
• Resistant to sunlight –
superior to polyester and
nylon
• Shrink when exposed to
high temperatures
• Will “pill”
• Low moisture
absorbency
• Generate static
electricity
Nylon
• First synthetic fiber and first fiber
developed in U.S.
• Inventor was Wallace Carothers –
chemist working for Dupont
Company in 1928 (research
program)
• Generic name NYLON was
proposed in 1938 by Dupont
• First nylon product a nylon bristle
toothbrush which went on sale
on Feb. 24, 1938
• Women’s stockings went on sale
on May 15, 1940
10/24
• became unavailable to civilian
consumers, because nylon
was used extensively during
WW II (1939-1945)
• During WW II Nylon replaced
Asian silk in parachutes
• Also used to make tires, tents,
ropes, ponchos and other
military supplies
• Could be heat-set and
permanent pleats became a
reality
NYLON 10/25
ADVANTAGES
•
•
•
•
•
Strong and Elastic
Easy to launder
Dries quickly
Retains its shape
Resilient and responsive
to heat setting
• Resistant to damage
from oils
DISADVANTAGES
• Extensive washing and
drying in a dryer can lead
to piling
• White Nylon should be
washed separately to
avoid it turning gray
• Has a tendency to
“Scavenge” colors
picking up surface color
easily from other fabrics
POLYESTER 10/29
Advantages
•
•
•
•
Good strength
Wrinkle resistant
Mildew resistant
Retains heat-set pleats and
crease
• Resistant to stretching and
shrinking
• Easily washed –quick drying
• Polyester is extensively recycledproducts made from recycled
polyester include apparel and
carpeting
Disadvantages
• Lack absorption
• Consumers like recycled
polyester, but the cost is
usually higher
SPANDEX 10/30
• First manufactured
elastic fiber was
introduced in 1958 and
called Lycra
• Known as elastane in
many other parts of the
world
• Superior to rubber in
strength and durability
• Name was coined by
shifting the syllables of
the word expands
SPANDEX 10/31
Advantages
Disadvantages
• Spandex is resistant to
the body oils,
perspiration, lotions and
cosmetics that degrade
rubber.
• Has a good shelf life and
does not deteriorate
with age as quickly as
rubber
• Extended exposure to
light may cause
discoloration of some
types of white spandex
but does not deteriorate
the fiber seriously
• Should not be subjected
to very hot water or
excessive heat from
ironing
Uses of Spandex 10/31
• used to support, shape,
or mold the body or to
keep textiles from
stretching out of shape
during use
• Used primarily in knit
foundation garments,
action wear, intimate
apparel, shape wear,
hosiery, furnishings and
narrow fabrics
• Medical uses-surgical
and support hose,
bandages, and
surgical wraps
• Blends of 2% to 40%
spandex with other
fibers are common
• Spandex yarns are
woven or knitted
Olefin Nov. 1
• In the 1920’s attempts were
made to polymerize ethylene,
a byproduct of the natural gas
industry
• WW II ethylene was
polymerized and used as a
plastic-filaments made from it
could not be used in textile
fibers
• 1954 in Germany, Karl Ziegler
developed a process that
raised the melting point- but
it still did not work
• Giulio Natta (Italy)
successfully developed
the process suitable for
most textile applications
• By 1957 Italy produced
olefin fibers
• US produced olefin fibers
in the 1960
OLEFIN 11/2
• AUTOMOTIVE
Interior fabrics-used in or on
kick panel seat construction,
truck liners
OLEFIN 11/2
• INDUSTRIAL
Carpets, disposable lab coats,
durable nonwoven fabrics;
ropes,
Olefin Fiber Uses 11/5
• APPAREL
activewear and
sportswear
socks, thermal
underwear, lining fabrics
OLEFIN 11/5
• Home Furnishings
Indoor/outdoor carpet;
carpet backing, upholstery
and wall coverings,
furniture and bedding
construction fabrics
Glass Fiber
• Incombustible textile fiber-it
does not burn
• Used in draperies for public
buildings where there is a
danger of fire
• Disadvantage: skin irritation
from tiny broken glass fibers
• It is thought that the
Phoenicians first produced
glass fiber
• First commercial use-1920
• Materials to make glass: sand,
silica and limestone combined
with additives of feldspar and
boric acid
11/6
• Heated to 2400 degrees
• Commonly used for insulation
• Flame-resistant glass mattress
covers are produced for
hotels, dormitories and
hospitals
• Found in ironing board covers
and space suits
• Owens corning is currently
researching glass yarns for
apparel
Microfibers 11/7
• Superfine
manufactured/synthetic
fibers
• Fibers are 4X finer than a
spider’s web
• Fibers are finer than Silk
• Developed in Japan –first
marketed to U S in the
1970’s
• More expensive than
regular size fibers of the
same type
• Dupont was the first
American microfiber
producer in 1990 – it
introduced
Micromattique RR
Microfibers 11/8
• Fabric is extra smooth,
soft, and silky
• Filaments are packed so
close together that they
form an effective wind
barrier which also
prevents loss of body
heat
• Fabrics can breathe well
• Chemical treatments and
coatings are not needed
to provide water
resistance
• Popular for raincoats
and jackets –lighter and
more comfortable than
other fabrics
• Yarns are made from
nylon, polyester, acrylic
and rayon
Aramid 11/9
• Dupont chemist,
Stephanie Kwolek
developed a Nylon
variant with exceptional
heat and flame resistance
• Introduced in 1963 under
trade name NOMEX
Nylon
• Another variant was
introduced in 1974 as
Kevlar-trade name (term
used to identify a
company’s product)
• Exceptional strength
and fire resistance
• 5X stronger than
steel
• Used primarily in
reinforcements of
radial tires
Kevlar 11/12
Kevlar 29
• Found in protective apparel,
cables, and cordage and as
replacement for asbestos in
brake linings and gaskets
• Body armor under vests are
relatively lightweight and
bullet-and-knife resistant
Kevlar 49
• Highest tenacity
(strength of a fiber at
which it breaks
• Plastic-reinforcement
fiber for boat hulls,
aircraft, and aerospace
uses
Nomex -trade name for
Aramid 11/13
• Used where
resistance to heat and
combustion with low
smoke generation are
required
• Firefighter’s apparel
• Race car drivers’ suits
• Flame-retardant
furnishings for aircraft
Functional Finish 11/14
• Textile finish applied
to fabric to enhance
performance for a
specific consumer
need
• Like make-up,
functional finishes
are made to enhance
• Ex. Scotch-Guardstain repellant
Logo
Mechanical Finishes-Aesthetic
11/15
• Additive finish• Change the
appearance and/or
hand of fabrics
• Applied design
• Can be grouped by
the change produced
in the fabric: luster,
drape, texture and
hand.
finishing chemical is
added to the fabric
to produce texture
(body, stiffness,
softness
• Subtractive finishsomething is
removed from the
fabric during
finishing-
MECHANICAL FINISHES 11/16
Glazing
Moire
• Produces fabrics that
have a highly glazed or
polished surface
• Fabric is saturated with
starch (temporary) or
resin (permanent),
slightly dried, and fed
into the machine in
which a rapidly moving,
heated roller polishes
the surface
• Chintz
• Fashion side has a
watered or clouded
surface appearancesometimes called a
“wood grain” pattern
• Often applied to ribbed
fabrics such as taffeta
• Uses a roller with a
moire pattern etched
into its surface
Tie Dying 11/26
• Parts of the fabric are
tightly wound with
yarns (rubber bands)
or tied into knots in
selected areas
• Fabric is placed in
dyebath, the knotted
areas are protected
from the dye
Mordant 11/27
• Used to set dyes on
fibers
• A substance used in
dyeing that reacts
with both the
dyestuff and the fiber
to form an insoluble
compound, thereby
fixing the color
within and on the
fiber
• Soda ash changes the
pH of the fiberreactive dye and
cellulose fiber so that
the dye reacts with
the fiber, making a
permanent
connection that
holds the dye to the
fiber.
Textile Printing and Design
11/28
• Colored patterns may
be applied to fabric by
a variety of hand or
machine processes
• Printing is a cheaper
way of creating designs
on fabric than weaving
or knitting with
different colored
yarns.
Digital Printing
11/29
• One of the exciting
developments in the
textile industry which
started in late 1980’s
• Ink jet based method of
printing colorants onto
fabric
• Direct to garment- used
for t-shirts, dresses, and
promotional wear
advertisement
• Visual Communication:
corporate branding is
printed onto polyester
media. Flags, banners,
signs, retail graphics.
Yarns into Textile Fabrics 11/30
• Can be accomplished by
an individual with a pair
of knitting needles, a
crochet hook, or a hand
loom
• Use of powerful
machines that combine
yarns by weaving,
knitting, or stitch
bonding
FABRIC 11/30
• A flat 2-dimential flexible
material made from fibers,
yarns or other components.
• Result of the weaving,
knitting, twisting, felting, or
lacing of fibers and yarns
• Even when the same weave
or knit construction is used,
the end product will be
distinctive if the fiber or
yarn type is varied