Essentials of Human Anatomy
The Skeletal System 3
Appendicular Skeleton
Chapter 5
Dr Fadel Naim
Ass. Prof. Faculty of Medicine
IUG
1
Appendicular Skeleton
• Upper extremity
– Consists of the bones of the shoulder girdle,
upper arm, lower arm, wrist, and hand
– Shoulder girdle
• Made up of scapula and clavicle
• Clavicle forms only bony joint with trunk, the
sternoclavicular joint
• At its distal end, clavicle articulates with the
acromion process of the scapula
Pectoral Girdle
• shoulder girdle
• clavicles
• scapulae
• supports upper limbs
Clavicles
• articulate with manubrium
• articulate with scapulae
(acromion process)
Scapulae
• spine
• supraspinous fossa
• infraspinous fossa
• acromion process
• coracoid process
• glenoid cavity
Upper Limb
• Humerus
• Radius
• Ulna
• Carpals
• Metacarpals
• Phalanges
Humerus
• The long bone of the
upper arm
• Articulates proximally
with the glenoid fossa
of the scapula and
distally with the
radius and ulna
Humerus
• head
• greater tubercle
• lesser tubercle
• anatomical neck
• surgical neck
• deltoid tuberosity
• capitulum
• trochlea
• coronoid fossa
• olecranon fossa
Radius
– Long bone found on thumb side of
forearm
• Articulates proximally with capitulum of
humerus and radial notch of ulna
• articulates distally with scaphoid and lunate
carpals and with head of ulna
Radius
• lateral forearm bone
• head
• radial tuberosity
• styloid process
Ulna
• Long bone found on little finger
side of forearm
• Articulates proximally with humerus
and radius and distally with a
fibrocartilaginous disk
Ulna
• medial forearm
bone
• trochlear notch
• olecranon process
• coronoid process
• styloid process
Wrist and Hand
• Carpals (16)
• trapezium
• trapezoid
• capitate
• scaphoid
• pisiform
• triquetrum
• hamate
• lunate
• Metacarpals (10)
• Phalanges (28)
• proximal phalanx
• middle phalanx
• distal phalanx
Appendicular Skeleton
• Lower extremity
Consists of the bones of
–Hip
–Thigh
–lower leg
–Ankle
–Foot
Pelvis
• The adult pelvis is composed of four bones:
– the sacrum, the coccyx, and the right and left ossa coxae.
• Protects and supports the viscera in the inferior part of
the ventral body cavity.
• Pelvic girdle refers to the left and right ossa coxae only.
Os Coxae
• Commonly referred to as the “hip bone” or innominate
bone.
• Each is formed from three separate bones:
– the ilium
– the ischium
– the pubis
• Each articulates posteriorly with the sacrum at the
sacroiliac joint.
Pelvic Girdle
• Coxae (2)
• supports trunk of body
• protects viscera
Coxae
• hip bones
•acetabulum
• ilium
• iliac crest
• iliac spines
• greater sciatic notch
• ischium
• ischial spines
• lesser sciatic notch
• ischial tuberosity
• pubis
• obturator foramen
• symphysis pubis
• pubic arch
Greater and Lesser Pelves
Greater Pelvis
• lumbar vertebrae
posteriorly
• iliac bones laterally
• abdominal wall
anteriorly
Lesser Pelvis
• sacrum and coccyx
posteriorly
• lower ilium, ischium, and
pubis bones laterally and
anteriorly
Male and Female Pelvis
Female
• iliac bones more flared
• broader hips
• pubic arch angle
greater
• more distance between
ischial spines and ischial
tuberosities
• sacral curvature
shorter and flatter
• lighter bones
Lower Limb
• Femur
• Patella
• Tibia
• Fibula
• Tarsals
• Metatarsals
• Phalanges
Femur
• longest bone of body
• head
• fovea capitis
• neck
• greater trochanter
• lesser trochanter
• linea aspera
• condyles
• epicondyles
Patella
• kneecap
• anterior surface of
knee
• flat sesamoid bone
located in a tendon
Tibia
• shin bone
• medial to fibula
• condyles
• tibial tuberosity
• anterior crest
• medial malleolus
Fibula
• lateral to tibia
• long, slender
• head
• lateral malleolus
• does not bear
any body weight
Ankle and Foot
• Tarsals (14)
• calcaneus
• talus
• navicular
• cuboid
• lateral cuneiform
• intermediate cuneiform
• medial cuneiform
• Metatarsals (10)
• Phalanges (28)
• proximal
• middle
• distal
Ankle and Foot
Arches of the Foot
• The sole of the foot
does not rest flat on
the ground.
• Helps it support the
weight of the body.
• Ensures that the blood
vessels and nerves on
the sole of the foot are
not pinched when
standing.
Arches of the Foot
• Medial longitudinal arch extends from the
heel to the big toe.
• Lateral longitudinal arch is not as high as
the medial longitudinal arch.
• Transverse arch runs perpendicular to the
longitudinal arches.
Hallux valgus
• A lateral deviation of the great toe at the
metatarsophalangeal joint
• Its incidence is greater in women than
in men
• Associated with badly fitting shoes.
• Often accompanied by the presence of
a short first metatarsal bone.
• Once the deformity is established, it is
progressively worsened by the pull of
the flexor hallucis longus and
extensor hallucis longus muscles.
Hallux rigidus
• Osteoarthritic changes in
the metatarsophalangeal
joint, which then becomes
stiff and painful
Pes
planus
(flat
foot)
• A condition in which the medial longitudinal arch is
depressed or collapsed.
• As a result, the forefoot is displaced laterally
• The head of the talus is no longer supported
• The causes of flat foot are both congenital and
acquired.
THE END