Subject Pronouns
Yo
I
Tú
You (informal-first name
basis)
Usted You (formal –
Él
Ella
w/Title,unknown, elder)
He
She
Nosotros
Nosotras
Vosotros
Vosotras
Ustedes
Ellos
Ellas
We (masculine, mixed)
We (all feminine)
You all (informal - masculine,
mixed)
You all (informal – all feminine)
You all (formal )
They (masculine, mixed)
They (all feminine)
Regular Present Tense Conjugations
AR
ER
IR
Yo
o
o
o
Tú
as
es
es
Usted
Él
Ella
a
e
e
Nosotros
Nosotras
Vosotros
Vosotras
Ustedes
Ellos
Ellas
AR
ER
IR
amos
emos
imos
áis
éis
ís
an
en
en
Present Tense Stem Changing Verbs
There are several different stem changes that occur. There are verbs that change from
o to ue, u to ue, e to ie and e to i. Stem changing verbs have a spelling change in their
stem in all forms of the present tense except the nosotros(as) and vosotros(as) forms.
These verbs are often called boot verbs.
¿Recuerdas?
Here are common stem changing verbs:
o to ue
u to ue
e to ie
almorzar
jugar
empezar
costar
entender
dormir
pensar
poder
preferir
querer
e to i
pedir
servir
repetir
Irregular verbs in the present tense:
The verb ir – To go
Pronoun
Meaning
Yo
Conjugation
of ir
Voy
Tú
Vas
You
(informal)
go
Usted
Él
Ella
Va
I go
Pronoun
Conjugation
of ir
Nosotros/as
Vamos
Vosotros/as
You (formal) Ustedes
go
Ellos
He goes
Ellas
She goes
Meaning
We go
Vais
You all (informal) go
Van
You all go (formal)
They go (male/mixed
group)
They go (female
group)
The verbs Ser & Estar – To be
Ser
Estar
Yo
soy
estoy
Tú
eres
estás
Usted
Él
Ella
es
está
Nosotros
Nosotras
Vosotros
Vosotras
Ustedes
Ellos
Ellas
Ser
Estar
somos
estamos
sois
estáis
son
están
Ser – More permanent: D.O.N.T. (Descriptions, Occupation, Nationality, Time)
Estar- More temporary: H.E.L.P. (Health, Emotion, Location, Present Condition)
Reflexive Verbs: To form reflexive verbs we must review our reflexive pronouns below.
Each pronoun corresponds to a particular subject. The reflexive pronoun goes IN FRONT of
conjugated verbs. Both pronoun and verb must agree with the subject. Or the reflexive verb
STAYS in the infinitive and the only thing that changes is the reflexive pronoun attached to the
end.
Yo
Me
Nosotros
Nosotras
Nos
Tú
Te
Vosotros
Vosotras
Os
Usted
Él
Ella
Se
Ustedes
Ellos
Ellas
Se
Affirmative Informal Commands:
We use affirmative commands to tell people what to do. We use informal commands to
tell a person we talk to on a first named basis (tú) what to do.
Regular Affirmative Informal Commands:
To form an affirmative informal command, simply take the verb and conjugate it in the
present tense form for usted, él, and ella. Example: Hablar español = Paco, habla
español. or Beber mucha agua = Lucia, bebe mucha agua.
Irregular Affirmative Informal Commands:
There are only 8 irregular affirmative informal commands. To remember the correct
command forms, remember this silly sentence: Vin Diesel has ten weapons, eh?
Significado
Verbo
El mandato
informal
afirmativo
Significado
El mandato
informal
afirmativo
Venir
To come
Ven
Tener
To have
Ten
Decir
To say/tell
Di
Ir
To go
Ve
Salir
To leave
Sal
Poner
To put/place
Pon
Hacer
To do/make
Haz
Ser
To be
Sé
Negative Informal Commands:
We use negative commands to tell people what not to do. We use negative informal
commands to tell a person we talk to on a first named basis (tú) what not to do.
Regular Negative Informal Commands:
The formation of a negative informal command is a little different. To form a negative
informal command, you start with the verb and conjugate it in the present tense form for
yo. Then, we drop the –o and add the appropriate endings. Make sure you write No in
front of the verb to make it a negative command. Example:
 Formation:
1. Start with the yo form of the verb in the present tense.
2. Drop the o .
3. Add the appropriate ending:

For ar verbs, add es .

For er and ir verbs, add as .
4. Be sure to write the word No in front of the verb to make it negative.
Example: Hablar español = Paco, no hables español en la clase de ingles or Beber
refrescos = Lucia, no bebas refrescos en las clases.
Verb
Hablar
Beber
Formation
Example in context
1.
2.
3.
4.
Hablo
Habl
Hables
No hables
Paco, no hables español en la clase de ingles.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Bebo
Beb
Bebas
No bebas
Lucia, no bebas refrescos en las clases.
Preterite:
The preterite tense tells what happened at a certain point in the past. Actions repeated
a specific number of times. It also serves to narrate a sequence of past events.
Regular Preterite Endings:
AR
ER
IR
Yo
é
í
í
Tú
aste iste
iste
Usted
Él
Ella
ó
ió
ió
Nosotros
Nosotras
Vosotros
Vosotras
Ustedes
Ellos
Ellas
AR
ER
IR
amos
imos
imos
asteis
isteis
isteis
aron
ieron
ieron
Remember that -ar and -er verbs do not change their stem in the preterite.
Preterite with spelling change in the Yo Forms: Car, Gar & Zar verbs
Ejemplos:
Preterite:
o c
qu
buscar
yo busqué
o g
gu
pagar
yo pagué
o z
c
almorzar
yo almorcé
Ir Preterite Stemchanging Verbs:
Ir verbs that are stem changers in the present tense will stem change in the preterite.
However, these stem-changes occur only in the 3rd person singular (él, ella, usted)
and 3rd person plural (ellos, ellas, ustedes).
I to Y Preterite Verbs:
er & ir verbs whose stems end in a vowel (after dropping the infinitive) change the
endings of the preterite tense:
o from ió to yó in the 3rd person singular (usted, él, ella)
o from ieron to yeron in the 3rd person plural. (ustedes, ellos, ellas)
Example of i to y verbs:
o caer, creer, leer, oir, distribuir, huir, construir
o Ese gato travieso se subió al refrigerador y se cayó en la basura
Funky Stem Preterite Verbs:
These verbs share the same set of endings; however the stem changes in a
“funky”,unexpected way.
Verb
Estar
Tener
Andar
Poder
Hacer
Saber
Poner
Venir
Querer
Traer
Decir
Funky Stem
Estuv
Tuv
Anduv
Pud
Hic (Hizo – él, ella, usted)
Sup
Pus
Vin
Quis
*Traj
*Dij
Funky Stem Endings
e
imos
iste
isteis
o
ieron
*eron
**Remember the Funny Word Associations we did with the “Yo” forms of the verbs.
Hopefully this will help you remember at least the irregular stem and meaning of the
verb. **
Estar- I was in Mrs Oravec’s Estuve- hall. “I was in Mrs Oravec’s studyhall.”
Tener- I had a Tuveache. – “I had a toothache.”
Andar- I walked around the Anduves Mountains. – “I walked around the Andes
Mountains.”
Poder- I could eat Pudeing all day. – “I could eat Pudding all day.”
Hacer- I did my homework, it was Hice! – “I did my homework, it was easy!”
Saber – I knew we were having Supe for dinner. – “I knew we were having soup for
dinner.”
Poner – I put soap in her mouth for saying Pus… - “I put soap in her mouth for
saying…”
Venir – I came to the party with a vine dip – “I came to the party with a bean dip”
Querer – I wanted a quise from my sweety. – “I wanted a kissy from my sweety.”
Traer – I brought the traje back from the drycleaners. – “I brought the traje(suit) back
from the drycleaners.”
Decir – I told the dije to play some good music. – “I told the DJ to play some good
music.”
Stem Changers in the Preterite
The –ir verbs that are stem changers “boot verbs” in the Present Tense will also change
in the preterite tense, but only in the 3rd person (– él, ella, usted, ellos, ellas, & ustedes).
So instead of a “boot” you now have a “sandal”! 
Examples:
Servir –to serve
Dormir – to sleep
Sentir – to feel
.
Serví
Servimos
Dormí
Dormimos
Sentí
Sentimos
Serviste
Servisteis
Dormiste
Dormisteis
Sentiste
Sentisteis
Sirvió
Sirvieron
Durmió
Durmieron
Sintió
Sintieron
*Note- in the preterite, there is only one letter change. (e to i and o to u)
Imperfect:
The imperfect tense is another form of the past tense. However, it tells what happened
at a nonspecific/open ended point in the past. Meaning, we’re not necessarily sure at
what point the action began or ended. It is also used to describe actions that were
ongoing or repetitive in the past. It also serves to describe of past events.
Regular Imperfect Endings:
AR
ER
IR
AR
Yo
aba
ía
ía
Tú
abas ías
ías
Usted
Él
Ella
aba
ía
ía
Nosotros
Nosotras
Vosotros
Vosotras
Ustedes
Ellos
Ellas
ER
IR
ábamos íamos
íamos
abais
íais
íais
aban
ían
ían
Irregular Imperfect Verbs:
ir – to go
iba
íbamos
ser – to be
era
éramos
ver- to see
.
veía
veíamos
ibas
ibais
eras
erais
veías
veíais
iba
iban
era
eran
veía
veían