MACROMOLECULES
CHAPTER 2 SECTION 3
WHAT YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO DO…
• Distinguish among the structure and function
of the four major organic macromolecules
found in living things.
REACTION TYPES
• Hydrolysis – break down compounds by adding water
• Dehydration – two components brought together,
produces water
• Endergonic – requires the input of energy
• Exergonic – releases energy
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
CONTRAST AN ORGANIC COMPOUND TO AN INORGANIC
COMPOUND
• Organic compounds - compounds that
contain bonds between carbons atoms
• Inorganic compounds – compounds
that are NOT carbon based
CHEMISTRY OF CARBON
• Has 4 valence electrons to form covalent bonds
• Can bond with many elements (H, O, P, S, N, AND
OTHER C ATOMS)
• Single, double, or triple bonds
• Forms rings
• Versatile - Ability to form large and complex
structures.
WHAT DOES MACROMOLECULE MEAN?
• “giant” molecule
• Made from smaller molecules through a
process called polymerization
• Monomer + monomer  polymer
• Also referred to as organic molecule and
biomolecule
DESCRIBE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN A POLYMER AND
MONOMER.
A polymer is a large molecule made up of
smaller units, called monomers, which are
linked together.
CARBOHYDRATES (C:H:O/1:2:1)
• What is the function of Carbohydrates?
• Used as main source for quick energy and
Used for structural purposes
CARBOHYDRATES (C:H:O/1:2:1)-SIMPLE CARBS
“SIMPLE SUGARS”
• Monosaccharide-simple sugar
• Single sugar molecule (6 C atoms)
• Glucose (C6H12O6) – most common, used for photosynthesis and
cellular respiration
• Galactose (milk)
• Fructose (fruit)
• Disaccharide (mono + mono  di)
• Lactose (sugar in milk)
• sucrose
CARBOHYDRATES (C:H:O/1:2:1)-COMPLEX CARBS
“STARCHES"
• Polysaccharides-starch/complex
• excess sugar; large macromolecule
• Animals
• Glycogen (animal starch)– released from liver
when blood sugar (glucose) runs low
• Stored in muscles for to supply energy for
muscle contraction
•
CARBOHYDRATES (C:H:O/1:2:1)
•
• Polysaccharides continued….
• Plants
• Cellulose (plant starch)
• Gives plants strength and rigidity – major
component of wood
• Chitin – polymer of glucose, makes up
exoskeleton of arthropods
CARBOHYDRATES (C:H:O/1:2:1)
• How do we test for carbohydrates?
• Sugars
• Use Benedict’s Solution to test tube with substance, heat it up
• Blue  green, yellow, orange, or red
• Starches
• Iodine solution (Lugol’s solution – iodine and Potassium iodide
in water)
• Yellow/brown –Blue/black
CARBOHYDRATES (C:H:O/1:2:1)
• When Benedict’s solution is added to an unknown substance
and then heated in a hot water bath, the solution turns an
orange-brown color. This indicates the presence of which
molecule?
• A. lipids
• B. proteins
• C. carbohydrates
• D. nucleic acids
• When Benedict’s solution is added to an unknown substance
and then heated in a hot water bath, the solution turns and
orange-brown color. This indicates the presence of which
molecule?
• A. lipids
• B. proteins
• C. carbohydrates
• D. nucleic acids
LIPIDS (C & H – SOME O)
• Components – glycerol and fatty acid
• Function of Lipids
• Waterproof coverings, membranes. Nonpolar – generally
not soluble in water
• insulation
• Used to store energy for long-term use
LIPIDS (C & H – SOME O)
• main categories of lipids
• Fats and Oils – made of subunits of glycerol and fatty acids
• Waxes – mainly used for covering a protection
• Phospholipids – important structural component of the cell
membrane
• Steroids- cholesterol and sex hormones (estrogen and
testosterone) acts as a chemical messenger
LIPIDS (C & H – SOME O)
• Saturated fatty acids
• Single C-C bonds
• Maximum number of H bonds
• Solid @ room temperature
LIPIDS (C & H – SOME O)
• Unsaturated fatty acids
• One C=C double bond in each fatty acid
• Olive oil (liquid @ room temperature)
• Polyunsaturated fatty acids
• More than one C=C double bond in fatty acid chain
• Corn oil, sesame oil, canola oil, peanut oil
LIPIDS (C & H – SOME O)
• How do we test for Lipids?
• Sudan III stain
• Dissolves in lipids and stains them red
• Brown Bag
• Leaves translucent stain on bag
LIPIDS (C & H – SOME O)
EXIT SLIP
• What indicator test is used to identify the presence
of carbohydrates?
• What indicator tests is used to identify the
presence of lipids?
• Which molecules store and transmit genetic information?
• A. lipids
• B. proteins
• C. nucleic acids
• D. carbohydrates
NUCLEIC ACIDS (HONCP)
• Nucleotides consist of three parts:
• A 5-C sugar
• A phosphate group
• A nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine,
thymine, and uracil for RNA)
• Individual nucleotides (monomer) can be joined by
covalent bonds to form a polynucleotide, or nucleic acid
NUCLEIC ACIDS (HONCP)
• What is the function of Nucleic Acids?
• Store and transmit heredity (genetic) information
• Codes for amino acids
NUCLEIC ACIDS (HONCP)
What are the two kinds of nucleic acid?
• DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid which contains the sugar
deoxyribose (double stranded)
• Stores all instructions for organism to grow, reproduce
and adapt
• RNA – ribonucleic acid which contains the sugar ribose
(single stranded)
• Uses the information stored in DNA to make proteins
NUCLEIC ACIDS (HONCP)
• Antibiotics are composed primarily of amino acids. In
which class of biomolecules would antibiotics belong?
• A. nucleic acids
• B. carbohydrates
• C. proteins
• D. lipids
PROTEIN (HONC)
• Polymers made of amino acids, which are joined by peptide
bonds…also called polypeptides
• What is the function of proteins?
• Control the rate of reactions and regulate cellular processes
• Form bones and muscles
• Transport substances into or out of cell
• Helps fight disease
• Hormones (insulin)
PROTEIN (HONC)
• The instructions for arranging amino acids into different
proteins are stored in DNA. Each protein has a specific role.
PROTEIN (HONC)
FOUR LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
• Primary - Sequence of amino acids in a protein chain
• Secondary - Amino acids within a chain can be folded or
twisted into patterns (alpha helix or pleated sheet)
• Tertiary - If more than one chain, each chain has a specific
3-D arrangement (globular or fibrous)
• Quaternary – consist of two or more polypeptide chains
or subunits that are held together by hydrogen bonds
HOW DO WE TEST FOR PROTEINS?
• Biuret Solution
• (NaOH; a strong base)
• Blue  purple
PROTEIN (HONC)
QUIZ YOURSELF USING DESK MARKERS!!!!
A. CARBS B. LIPID C. PROTEIN D. NUCLEIC ACIDS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Contains adenine and thymine
Lactose
Chains of amino acids
Long term energy storage
Cholesterol
Chains of fatty acids and glycerol
Plant cell walls
QUIZ YOURSELF
A. CARBS B. LIPID C. PROTEIN D. NUCLEIC ACIDS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Contains adenine and thymine (NUCLEIC ACIDS)
Lactose (CARBS)
Chains of amino acids (PROTEINS)
Long term energy storage (LIPIDS)
Cholesterol (LIPIDS)
Chains of fatty acids and glycerol (LIPIDS)
Plant cell walls (CARBS)
Explain the relationship between
proteins and nucleic acids.
EXPLAIN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN A PROTEINS AND
NUCLEIC ACIDS.
Proteins are polymers of amino acids
that are assembled based on genetic
information found in nucleic acids.
Compare how both nucleic acids and proteins are
polymers. Be sure to describe the monomers that
make up the polymers.
EXPLAIN HOW BOTH NUCLEIC ACIDS AND PROTEINS ARE
POLYMERS. BE SURE TO DESCRIBE THE MONOMERS THAT
MAKE UP THE POLYMERS.
Both are made of smaller units that are bonded
together. Proteins are polymers of amino acids;
nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides.
WHAT ARE THE FOUR GROUPS OF
MACROMOLECULES?
• Small group work
• Complete table of the 4 macromolecules.
Include their components, functions, drawing
and any additional information.
WHAT ARE THE FOUR GROUPS OF
MACROMOLECULES?
• Large group work
• Complete concept map of organic compounds