States of Consciousness
When we are awake we are?
In a state of Consciousness
Our awareness of ourselves
and our surroundings.
Conscious
preconscious
Unconscious
Biological Rhythms
Annual Cycles: seasonal variations (bears
hibernation, seasonal affective disorder)
28 day cycles: menstrual cycle.
24 hour cycle: our circadian rhythm
90 minute cycle: sleep cycles.
Circadian Rhythm
• Our 24 hour biological clock.
• Our body temperature and awareness
changes throughout the day.
• It is best to take a test or study during your
circadian peaks.
How can the circadian rhythm help
explain jet lag?
Sunday night insomnia
• Circadian Rhythms – 24 hr sleep/awake
cycle. Teens have a later one
– Regulation of sleep/other body functions
– Circa = about
– Dian = day
Jet Lag
• A disruption of circadian rhythms
• Flying to California is easier than flying to
New York
How to treat jet lag?
What is melatonin?
• A hormone produced by pineal gland at
night to help you sleep. Sunlight tells your
body to stop producing it.
• Helps regulate circadian rhythms
• The reticular formation
deals with
consciousness.
• Damage it = coma
• Stimulate it = never
sleep
• The reticular activating
system is a much bigger
system
• Which part of the brain would be
responsible for arousing and alerting the
body to environmental stimuli?
• medulla
• amygdala
• thalamus
• reticular formation
Sleep
Theta waves
Delta waves
Sleep Stages
• There are 4 identified stages of sleep.
• It takes about 90-100 minutes to pass
through the stages.
• The brain’s waves will change according
to the sleep stage you are in.
• The first three sages and know as NREM
sleep.
• The fourth stage is called REM sleep.
Stage One
• This is experienced as falling to sleep and is a
transition stage between wake and sleep. Not really
sleep.
It usually lasts between 1 and 5 minutes and occupies
approximately 2-5 % of a normal night of sleep.
• eyes begin to roll slightly.
• consists mostly of theta waves (high amplitude, low
frequency (slow))
• (think theta = thin)
Hallucinations can occur and feeling of falling.
Stage Two
• This follows Stage 1 sleep and is the
"baseline" of sleep.
• This stage is part of the 90 minute cycle
and occupies approximately 45-60% of
sleep.
December 4, 2012
• Objectives: To develop a better
understanding of the cycles of sleep.
• During which stage of sleep do we
experience muscle jerks?
• Agenda: New Books, work on Obj,
Lecture on Sleep
Stage Three
• Stages three is "Delta" sleep or "slow wave"
sleep and may last 15-30 minutes.
• It is called "slow wave" sleep because brain
activity slows down dramatically from the
"theta" rhythm of Stage 2 to a much slower
rhythm called "delta" and the height or
amplitude of the waves increases dramatically.
December 4, 2012
• Objectives: To develop a better
understanding of sleep and states of
consciousness
• Question: what is a post-hypnotic
suggestion?
• Agenda: Notes/Objectives/clips of sleep
Stage Three (continued)
• Contrary to popular belief, it is delta sleep that is
the "deepest" stage of sleep (not REM) and the
most restorative.
• It is delta sleep that a sleep-deprived person's
brain craves the first and foremost.
• In children, delta sleep can occupy up to 40% of
all sleep time and this is what makes children
unawake able or "dead asleep" during most of
the night.
Sleep walking during
This stage.
REM SLEEP
•
•
•
•
•
REM: Rapid Eye Movement
AKA “paradoxical sleep”
This is a very active stage of sleep.
Composes 20-25 % of a normal nights sleep.
Breathing, heart rate and brain wave activity
quicken.
• Vivid Dreams can occur.
• From REM, you go back to Stage 2
REM
• Body is essentially paralyzed during REM
(sleep paralysis).
Stage 3 and 4 are now combined.
Beta = awake
Alpha = drowsy or meditati
Theta = thin
Delta = deep
When do nightmares,
sleepwalking and night terrors
happen?
Nightmares are dreams
so they happen in REM
Figure 5.12 – Sleep problems and the cycle of sleep
How do we study sleep?
• We use an EEG, an
electroencephalogram. It measures
electrical waves from the brain.
Think delta = deep
How much sleep do we need?
• We all need different amounts of sleep
depending on our age and genetics.
• But we ALL sleep- about 25 years on
average.
Deep sleep (stage 3) is the most restorative.
However, for some reason, we need REM
sleep. Evidence: REM rebound
REM Rebound
• The tendency for REM sleep to increase
following REM sleep deprivation.
• What will happen if you don’t get a good
nights sleep for a week, and then sleep for
10 hours?
You will dream a lot.
XX 5.9
Over the years, the need for REM sleep
decreases considerably, while the need for
NREM sleep diminishes less sharply
• You youngsters need to go to bed a 9 and
wake up at 4! You are lazy.
Can you just make up lost sleep in
one night?
NO
Why do we need sleep?
1. Evolutionary (Adaptive) back in the day,
darkness meant death, those that slept did
not go out, thus did not die. Sleep protects
us.
Sleep Deprivation
• Normally, the hippocampus processes
happy and neutral memories. However,
the amygdala processes negative
memories.
• When you don’t sleep, your hippocampus
does not work well.
• Your amygdala works just fine.
• Therefore, sleep deprived people will
recall negative events more easily than
positive or neutral events.
• This is probably why adults only remember
the bad stuff from when they were teens.
• The New York DJ, Peter Tripp, set a world record
for sleep deprivation in 1959. He went for 201
hours (8.4 days) without sleep. He spent most of
the time in a glass booth in Times Square, and the
rest in a hotel room across the street, set up as a
laboratory to monitor his reactions.
• The stunt produced strange results. After three
days, Tripp began to find things hilarious that
weren’t funny at all. At other times, he became
upset for no reason. He was also confused, asking
why there were bolts in the window frames.
• By day four, he was suffering from hallucinations
and paranoia. At first they were simple patterns –
like cobwebs on the doctors’ faces, or imagining
that paint specks on the table were insects.
• But soon his hallucinations became 3D. Tripp
imagined mice and kittens scurrying around the
room…
• Eventually, Peter Tripp became psychotic. He
rummaged through draws looking for non-existent
money. He accused a technician of trying to harm
him. He then claimed he was not Peter Tripp but an
imposter. Nothing made sense to him
Sleep Disorders
Insomnia
• Recurring problems in falling or staying
asleep.
• Not your once in a while (I have a big test
tomorrow) having trouble getting to sleep
episodes.
• Insomnia is not defined by the number of
hours you sleep every night.
Sleep Apnea
• A sleep disorder characterized by temporary
cessations of breathing during sleep and
consequent momentary reawakenings.
• Caused by blocked airway (fat layers in mouth)
Can be cured with a breathing machine
And/or losing weight.
Narcolepsy
• Characterized by uncontrollable sleep
attacks.
•Lapses directly into REM sleep (usually
during times of stress or joy).
Night Terrors
• A sleep disorder
characterized by high
arousal and an
appearance of being
terrified.
• Occur in Stage 3, not
REM, and are not often
remembered.
• Usually, kids only
Sleepwalking
(Somnambulism)
• Sleepwalking is a sleep
disorder affecting an
estimated 10 percent of all
humans at least once in their
lives.
• Sleep walking most often
occurs during deep non-REM
sleep (stage 3 sleep) early in
the night.
• Sleepwalkers do not act out
dreams.
Somnambulism
• The sleep walking activity may include simply sitting up
and appearing awake while actually asleep, getting up
and walking around, or complex activities such as
moving furniture, going to the bathroom, dressing and
undressing, and similar activities. Some people even
drive a car while actually asleep. The episode can be
very brief (a few seconds or minutes) or can last for 30
minutes or longer.
• One common misconception is that a sleep walker
should not be awakened. It is not dangerous to awaken
a sleep walker, although it is common for the person to
be confused or disoriented for a short time on
awakening. Another misconception is that a person
cannot be injured when sleep walking. Actually, injuries
caused by such things as tripping and loss of balance
are common for sleep walkers.
Another problem with sleep meds is they cause you to
spend too much time in Stage 3 but not enough time in
REM
Final 5
• What are some things that hypnosis is
used for? Do you think you would be
susceptible to the suggestions?
Dreams
• The first theory of dreams was by Sigmund
Freud. Dreams are access to the unconscious
mind. They are a form of wish fullfillment.
Manifest Content: the remembered
storyline of a dream.
Latent Content: the underlying meaning
of a dream.
Manifest Content – what
actually happens in a
dream
Latent Content
latent means hidden
What if a newlywed groom dreamed of hauling a ball
and chain. Does that mean something?
Why do we Dream?
Three Theories
Freud’s wish-fulfillment
Theory
• Dreams are access to our unconscious
mind (our wishes and anxieties)
Information-Processing
Theory (Problem solving
theory)
• Dreams act to sort out
and understand the
memories that you
experience that day.
• Evidence: REM sleep
does increase after
stressful events.
Physiological Function Theories
Activation-Synthesis Theory:
• dreams may be a way to
make sense of random
neural activity.
• Your brain is “pooping”
What Other Forms Can
Consciousness Take?
• Hypnosis
• Meditation
• Psychoactive drug states
December 7, 2012
• Objectives: to develop a better
understanding of sleep.
• No First 5
• Welcome our guest speaker,
• Mr. Nhem.
Hypnosis
• Hypnosis –
Induced state of altered awareness,
characterized by heightened suggestibility
and deep relaxation
• Hypnotizability –
Degree to which an individual is
responsive to hypnotic suggestions
Hypnotizability
• Not everyone can be hypnotized.
Who is more susceptible to hypnosis?
According to Harvard, 10% are highly susceptible, 10% highly resistant, 80% medium
Hypnosis As an
Altered State
• Experts disagree about whether
hypnosis involves
– A distinct state of consciousness
– Heightened motivation
– Social processes such as role playing
– A dissociate state (Hilgard’s “hidden
observer” view)
Practical Uses for
Hypnosis
• Hypnosis can have practical uses for
– Researchers
– Psychological treatment (good for anxiety
and mood disorders)
– Medical and dental treatment
• Hypnotic analgesia –
Diminished sensitivity to pain while under
hypnosis
Meditation
• Meditation –
Form of consciousness change induced by
focusing on a repetitive behavior,
assuming certain body positions and
minimizing external stimulation
Psychoactive Drug States
• Psychoactive drugs –
Chemicals that affect mental processes
and behavior by their effects on the
nervous system
Hallucinogens
Opiates
Depressants
Stimulants
Hallucinogens
•
Alter perceptions of the external
environment and inner awareness
•
(also called psychedelics)
• Marijuana (Yes! It’s an hallucinogen!)
• LSD
• PCP
• Cannabis
Opiates
•
Highly addictive; produce a sense
of well-being and have strong painrelieving properties
• Morphine
• Codeine
• Heroin
• Methadone
Depressants
•
Slow down mental and physical
activity by inhibiting transmission of
nerve impulses in the central nervous
system
• Barbiturates
• Valium
• Alcohol (the worst
drug in terms of
deaths and
treatment)
Stimulants
• Arouse the central nervous system,
speeding up mental and physical
responses
• Cocaine
• Amphetamines
• Methamphetamine
• MDMA (ecstasy)
• Caffeine (note: although a
stimulant, it relaxes many
people like ADD people)
Don’t forget to write your answers on a
separate piece of paper to grade when
you’re done!
1. As you are reading this question, you are
probably not thinking about what you ate
for lunch. The memory of what you ate for
lunch is most likely in your
a) nonconscious
b) preconscious
c) unconsciousness
d) sensory memory
2. Traveling in a jet plane from California to
New York is most likely to
a) disrupt your circadian rhythms
b) prevent the onset of REM sleep
c) stimulate your parasympathetic
nervous system
d) induce delta brain waves
3. According to psychodynamic
psychologists, the unconscious
a) processes information of which you
are unaware
b) includes unacceptable feelings,
wishes, and thoughts
c) is characterized by loss of
responsiveness to the environment
d) is synonymous with the
preconscious
4. Which of the following two sleep
disorders occur most commonly?
a) insomnia and narcolepsy
b) apnea and narcolepsy
c) somnabulism and night terrors
d) insomnia and apnea
5. “Humans developed a unique wakingsleep cycle that maximized our chances of
survival,” is a statement most typical of
a) developmental psychologists
b) physiological psychologists
c) sociologists
d) evolutionary psychologists
6. Which has enabled psychologists to learn
the most about sleep processes over the
last 50 years?
a) psychopharmacology
b) lesions
c) EEGs
d) CT scans
7. Which stage of sleep is characterized by
brain waves with sleep spindles?
a) stage 1
b) stage 2
c) stage 3
d) REM
8. Nightmares most frequently occur during
a) stage 2
b) stage 3
c) stage 1
d) REM
9. During paradoxical sleep, muscles seem
paralyzed and
a) eyes dart about in various directions
b) breathing slow and shallow
c) night terrors are likely
d) sleepwalking occurs
10. Consciousness includes awareness of
a) external events only
b) internal sensations only
c) self only
d) external events, internal sensations,
and self
11. Opiates such as morphine and heroin
have a capacity to
a) alleviate pain
b) improve memory
c) enhance sensory awareness
d) do all of these things
12. Which of the following does NOT belong
with the other three?
a) omega
b) theta
c) alpha
d) delta
13. Of the following, which pair of
psychoactive drugs shares the most
similar effects on the brain?
a) alcohol—marijuana
b) caffeine—morphine
c) nicotine—heroine
d) amphetamines—cocaine
14. Meditation has its roots in
a) early Christianity
b) Eastern religions
c) transcendental psychology
d) the scientific study of the relaxation
response
15. According to recent research, we are
MOST likely to fall asleep
a) as our body temperature begins to
drop
b) when it gets dark
c) when our body temperature
stabilized at normal
d) as our body temperature begins to
climb
• 16. An EEG would indicate primarily
_____ activity while you answer this
question.
• A. alpha
• B. beta
• C. delta
• D. theta.
• 17. Other things being equal, which of th3
following flights would lead to the greatest
difficulty with jet lag?
• A. northward
• B. southward
• C. eastward
• D. westward
• 18. Slow-wave sleep consists of
stage______ of sleep and is dominated by
_____ waves.
• A. 1; beta
• B. 2; alpha
• C. 3; delta
• D. 1; delta
Chapter 5 Answer Key
1. B
2. A
3. B
4. D
5. D
6. C
7. B
8. D
9. A
10. D
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
A
A
D
B
A
A
C
C