Chapter 5 & 6
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Chapter 5 Continued…
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He was educated in eastern and
western cultures.
It was his speech at Allahbad in
December, 1930 where he gave the
famous sentences which earned
him the title of the father of
Pakistan idea.
Iqbal carried the idea of Two Nation
to its logical conclusion by giving
precise reasoning.
Sir Muhammad Iqbal
(1877-1938)
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He was an intelligent barrister but in 1933 he
terminated his practice as lawyer and started
‘Pakistan National Movement’.
He coined the name ‘Pakistan’ which was
composed by the following:
P – Punjab
A – Afghan province (Kyhber
Pakhtunkhwa)
K – Kashmir
S – Sindh
TAN – Balochistan
Choudry Rehmat Ali
(1897 – 1951)
PAKISTAN literally means ‘the land of pure’
(Pak = Pure + stan = land
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 Simon commission was boycotted by the Congress and the Muslim
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League. In 1929 ‘Civil Disobedience’ movement was launched by
Gandhi and violence accompanied it. The committee was declared
unlawful and Gandhi and Nehru were arrested.
British realized no constitution can be successful unless leaders of all
parties were invited and so Round Table Conference was held. It had 3
sessions in 1930, 1931 and 1932.
In the first session, Congress boycotted it. Other prominent leaders
attended. The British Prime Minister Mr. Ramsay MacDonald accepted
the proposals.
In the second session Gandhi represented Congress and had a stiff and
rigid attitude. He stated the Congress should represent all Indian
people including the minorities. Because of difference of opinion the
session failed completely.
The third and last session of the conference was short and
unimportant. Congress was absent as Gandhi had started his ‘Civil
Disobedience’ Movement.
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 Results of long labor of the three session of the Round Table
Conference were collected, summarized and published by the
Government as proposals for the Indian Constitution in a document
called White Paper.
 The general elections of 1936 were held in the country on
the line of this act.
 Both Congress and Muslim League were critical of the Government Act
1935 but decided to participate in the elections held under it.
 The Congress won a great electoral victory. Punjab, Sindh, Bengal and
Assam were Muslim majority and Muslim predominance was formed in
these provinces.
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 From 22nd-24th
March 1940,
twenty seventh
annual session
of Muslim
League was
held at Minto
Park under
presidentship of
Jinnah.
 The Lahore
Lahore Resolution (1940)
resolution bill
was passed.
Muslims
responded to it
enthusiastically
whereas the
Hindus
condemned it.
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 Britain and its allies were in an unfavorable turn in March
due to Second World War. Sir Stafford Cripps was sent to India who
made an offer known as Cripps offer. Jinnah was not satisfied by
it and Muslim League rejected the offer. Congress also rejected
the offer. However the greatest victory of Muslim nationalism
came due to it when they accepted the principle idea of Pakistan.
 Gandhi began to press from an immediate withdrawal of the
British from India and transfer of power to Congress without any
settlement with any other party. Violence and chaos, loot
and murder plunged the country into darkness. Government
arrested Gandhi. Jinnah did not support Gandhi’s slogan
‘Quit India’, he replied with ‘Divide and Quit’.
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Muslim League demanded for division
of India, Congress emphasized on the
unity of India at its independence.
Jinnah- Gandhi
Talks (1944)
Gandhi and Jinnah met and the former
wanted the latter to prove from his own
mouth that the whole of Pakistan
proposition is absurd. Gandhi
suggested a referendum in favor of
separation and said that Britishers
should first quit India and give power
to Congress and then Congress would
divided the Muslim majority areas
accordingly. Jinnah did not agree and
the talks broke down.
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The British government presented its own
proposal in the shape of Lord Wavell plan.
There was no unity in the decision of
members of the council. Muslim League
demanded all the 5 Muslim seats should be
filled by their party but it was not granted.
Gandhi wanted the 5 Hindu seats to be filled
by 5 caste Hindus.
Simla
Conference
(1945)
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 Muslim league contested that it would represent all
Muslims of India and that Pakistan was the only
solution. Congress demanded that it would represent
all Indians and India will remain undivided.
 Jinnah invited all those persons who had been elected
members on Muslim ticket. They all agreed that the
destiny of Indian Muslims is Pakistan.
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The Cabinet Mission had negotiations with top leaders –
Gandhi, Jinnah and others. They agreed that there would
be two groups of provinces, Hindu and Muslim. The
provincial government will deal with other subjects. It
rejected the idea of partition and the Pakistan scheme.
The Cabinet proposed a long term plan and a short term
plan. The former was for constitution making body and
latter was for an interim government. It was to be
accepted fully or rejected. If rejected the British
government had the right to select any group of his
choice to form the government. The Muslim League and
the Congress accepted the scheme.
Congress first refused to join the interim government,
Cabinet Mission
(1946)
Muslim League was expected to go ahead with it but the
Viceroy backed out.
Muslim League fixed 16th August as ‘Direct Action Day’ to
get rid of British domination. Communal riots took place
in Calcutta and there was great killing of the Muslims.
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 The Congress took a sharp turn on August 8 and accepted
the Cabinet May 16 Plan. The Muslim League leaders
accessed the situation and realized that they cannot leave
the field open for Congress and also entered the Interim
Government. Nehru was appointed Vice-President in
absence of Governor General but he didn’t enjoy any
special powers. Government machinery was misused for
the party purposes. The coalition was a very uneasy
partnership.
 Communal riots had broken at various parts of the country
to the extent of civil war.
 British Prime Minister Attlee, on 20th February, 1947 made
this statement:
 His Majesty’s Government wish to make it clear that it is their
definite intention to take necessary steps to affect the transfer
of power to responsible Indian hands by a date not later that
June 1948”.
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In March 1947, Lord Wavell was recalled and
was replaced by Lord Mountbatten as Viceroy
of India. He had a good relationship with
Nehru. He found India to be gripped in
communal riots, British troops wanted to go
back to their homeland and he found that
partition was the only way out of this tangle.
He consulted the British Government and on
The 3rd June Plan (1947)
3rd June announced a new plan. Which was
that no plan for preserving the political unity
of India was acceptable to the political parties
and that the solution to the dilemma was
transferring the British power to two
governments.
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The
Implementation
of 3rd June Plan
Total votes were
taken in comparison
to the favorable votes
and if the favorable
votes were more, that
province was made a
part of Pakistan.
Thus by free votes of
its own people all the
Muslim majority
areas declared
themselves in favor
of Pakistan.
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 India Independence Bill was introduced in the House of
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Commons by Prime Minister Attlee himself on 4th July. It
was passed on 15th July.
Separate provincial governments were set up for India and
Pakistan on 20th July. On 7th August Jinnah left India for the
last time and flew to Karachi, the capital of the new
Dominion of Pakistan.
The constituent assembly met on 11 August and elected him
as its President.
On 13th August Mountbatten came to Karachi and on 14th
August addressed the Constituent Assembly.
Pakistan officially became free on 15th August, 1947 when
Jinnah was sworn in as Governor General and the new
Pakistan Cabinet took office.
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Chapter 6
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 The British occupied Punjab in 1849.
 In 1906 Sir Fazl-e-Husain (1877-1936) formed Muslim League at
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Lahore.
The protest against the Rowlatt Act in the Jallianwala Bagh in
Amritsar took 379 lives and wounded over 1200 people.
Khilafat movement started in 1919 and gained momentum in
Punjab.
Two eminent Punjabis tried to restore communal harmony and
these were Fazl-e-Husain and Choudhary Chhotu Ram (18811945).
In 1930 a powerful man raised his voice, he was none other than
Sir Mohammed Iqbal (1877- 1938).
On 23rd June 1947, Western section of Punjab voted in favor of
partition.
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 The British occupied Sindh by aggression in 1843.
 The All India Muslim Leagues first meeting was held in Karachi
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in 1907.
Raisul-Muhajireen Jan Muhammed Junejo participated in the
Khilafat movement from Sindh. In 1917 he assisted Mr. Ghulam
Mohammed Bhurgri in the establishment of the Muslim Leagues
Karachi branch.
Sindh was separated from Bombay in the Government of India
Act, 1935.
Sir Abdullah Haroon expressed his utmost support to Pakistan
Resolution on 23rd March 1940, at Lahore.
Mr G.M.Syed was appointed by Jinnah to organize Sindhi
Muslims for the creation of political conscious in them.
On 26th June 1947, the Sindh Legislative Assembly decided at a
special sitting that Sindh should join the new Constitution of
Pakistan and thus became the first province to opt for Pakistan.
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 Before partition, Balochistan was the most backward
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region of Muslim India.
Jinnah’s 14 points sponsored the political cause of the
province.
Yousuf Ali Khan Magsi appointed an editor Abdul Aziz
Kurd and also together they founded ‘Anjum-e-Ittehad-eBalochistan’.
Qazi Isa, a young Pathan lawyer of the province,
established Balochistan Muslim League in cooperation
with Jinnah in 1939.
A fair representation of Balochis was present at the Lahore
Resolution.
Jinnah made some visits to Quetta and Kalat.
A referendum date was fixed by the members who decided
unanimously to join the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan
one day earlier.
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