• Why do you think the Niger Delta region is so poor, even if they have huge oil reserves?
• What steps should Nigeria take to address oil spills?
• What steps should Nigeria take to combat oil piracy?

• Give 2 positive effects and two negative effects of the oil industry in Nigeria.
• In your opinion, which of the cleavages in Nigeria causes the most conflict? Explain.
• True or false: Nigeria has crosscutting cleavages.
Explain your answer.
• Which of the following do you think has the greatest effect on Nigerian society?
• Low literacy rates
• Disease
• High poverty rates
• Gini income inequality coefficient of .43 (lowest is .24, highest
.65)

• FRQ—2015 #6

• First, Parliamentary
• Why did a parliamentary multiparty system fail?
• Military rule (all executive power)
• Presidential system since
1979 (really 1999 if you take out all the coups)
• Based on U.S.
Constitution!

• Federalism is:_______________
• Technically, Nigeria is now federal, but state governments rely heavily on the national government
• Regional candidates only want to win $$$ for their region

• Devolution—The granting of more autonomy to a province in a country
• Some devolution occurring—why?
• Niger Delta wants more, want to control their resources
• Also tired of corruption
• Movement for the
Emancipation of the
Niger Delta

• Should Nigeria even stay together as a country?

• Under military rule, had complete power
• Since return to democracy in 1999:
• Limited to 2 four year terms (actually worked in 2007!)
• Must include one member from all 36 states in his cabinet (attempt at unity)
• In charge of huge Nigerian bureaucracy

• Function based on state corporatism
• Para-statals—
Organizations owned by the state that provide commercial and social welfare services
• Exist in Iran too
• Generally inefficient
(promotions based on patronage)
• Example: NEPA, then PHC
• Show huge role that
Nigerian government plays in the economy
• Barrier to democracy?

• Huge patronage systems exist in
Nigeria
• In Nigeria, called prebendalism
• In return for allegiance and support, people get promoted (patronclientelism)
• What was it called in
Russia? China?

• Parliamentary until
1979, now presidential
• National Assembly—
Bicameral legislature
• Senate—upper house
• 109 senators (3 from all
36 states, 13 women!)
• Direct, plurality elections
• House of
Representatives
• 360 single-memberdistricts
• Very ethnically and religiously diverse

• No power under military leaders
• Now, actually “check” the president‘s power every once in a while
• Did not ratify
Obasanjo’s amendment to add 3 rd presidential term
• Corruption!
Oladimeji Sabur Bankole

• Before military leaders, actually pretty autonomous and strong
• No judicial review under military leaders
• Today, judicial review
“theoretically” exists
• Supreme Court
• 2007 investigations and removals of corrupt officials
• Federalism—state vs federal courts
• States can authorize traditional courts based on sharia law (12 states have)
(devolution)
Zamfara, Nigeria

• Obviously, pretty strong (coups)
• Military in government—When the military controls the govt.
• Military in barracks—
Doing the jobs that a military is supposed to do (or trying to)
• Actually serves to unify the country against cleavages

• Presidential elections
• Run-off election if no winner in first round
• Must get at least 25% in 2/3 of states to win
(don’t want regional candidates that will further divide the country)
• Legislative Elections
• Single-member, winner-take-all districts
• No run-off elections

• Trade and labor unions—Becoming more powerful as democracy progresses
• Nigeria Labor
Congress—Huge strike in 2007 against rise in fuel costs, actually got government to subsidize oil prices

• 2011—54% voted
• Media—Strong and independent of the government
• More newspapers in the south
• Lots of NGO’s and interest groups that protest regularly

• Goodluck Jonathan
• Plurality election
• Coup d’etat
• Prebendalism
• Patron-client system
• Para-statal
• Niger Delta
• The National Question
• Devolution
• Federalism in Nigeria
• Judicial branch of Nigeria
• Colonial Rule
• State corporatism
• National Assembly
• Hausa
• Igbo
• Yoruba
• Biafran War