Immigrants, Industry and the
City
Background of Industrial
Revolution
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War of 1812
Transportation Revolution
Textiles
Artifical Power
Mechanization of Production
Replaceable Parts
Factory Production
Destruction of the Artisan Class
Inventing Technology
• Thomas Edison
• Chemistry
– Charles Goodyear (Vulcanization of Rubber) -1839
– John Wesley Hyatt--Celluloid--1863
– Leo Hendrik Baekeland -- Bakelite -- 1909
– DuPont Corporation
• Information Technology
Rising Industry
• Agriculture
– $1.5 billion in 1870; $7.5 billion by 1919
• Fuels
• Infrastructure
• Rising Factories:
– 1859: 140,000
– 1914: 268,000
Industry
• Steel
– Bessemer Steel and Open Hearth Techniques
– Applications
– Rise: 13,000 tons in 1860 --> 1910: 28 million
• Andrew Carnegie
• Meatpacking and other Processed Foods
The Corporations
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Outlives its founders
Limited liability of owners
Fictive Legal Person
Vertical Integration
– Meatpacking
• Horizontal Integration
– Standard Oil
Financing the Industrial
Revolution
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Greenbacks
Silver
Rise of Wall Street
Bonds
Mergers
– Pools
– Trusts
– Holding Companies
Changes in Retailing
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Fixed Prices Replace Haggling
General Store
Department Store
Chain Store
Mail-Order House
Creation of Modern Labor Force
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1870-1900 Transition
Undercutting Artisans
Multi-Job Families
Unsafe Conditions
Wage Issues
Work Insecurity
Long Hours
Female Labor
• 1880: 2.6 of 17.4 million workers are
women
• 1900: 85% of female labor are unmarried
and 25 or younger
• No Family Wage
• Inadequate Female Wages
Limited Professions
• Teachers
• Nurses
• Social Work
– Social Housekeeping
• Domestics
Child Labor
• 4% of non-farm workforce in 1900
• Due to inadequacy of Adult Wages
• Protests begin in 1890
Women’s Entertainments
Business Ethics: The Self-Made
Man
• The Algerian Dream
• Personal Property and Self Mastery
• Roots in American Experience
Business Ethics: Crush Everyone
Else
• Laisez Faire
• Social Darwinism
• Contradictions:
– Big Businesses had hard to overcome edge
– Businesses loved government help--for them.
– Businessmen hated competition and loved
monopolies...if they ran them.
The Gospel of Wealth
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Andrew Carnegie
Advocated intelligent philanthrophy
Creation of institutions of self-improvement
Discouraged redistribution of wealth and
poverty assistance charities
• Rejected leaving your fortune to your kids
– Say no to Paris Hilton, etc.
Unions
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National Labor Union (1865-1873)
Knights of Labor (1871-1932)
American Federation of Labor (1886- )
Strikes
Great Uprising / 1877 Railroad Strike
Homestead Steel Strike (1892)
1900: 7% of workers (3/4ths were AFL)
Supreme Court Backs Big
Business
• Slaughterhouse Cases (1873)
• Munn vs. Illinois (1877)
• Santa Clar Co. V. Southern Pacific Railroad
(1886)
• Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad Company
vs. Illinois (1886)
• Pollock v. Farmers Loan and Trust Company
(1895)
First Efforts at Regulation
• Interstate Commerce Commission (1887)
– 1897 Maximum Freight Rates Case
• Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890)
– United States vs. E. C. Knight (1895)
Immigration
Immigrants: Western US
• Japanese: 50,000 by 1900
– Farm Labor
• Chinese: 125,000 by 1882
– Mining, Railroads, and Support Businesses
– Called California ‘Gold Mountain’
– “Chinese Food”
Chinese Gold Miners
Eastern US Immigration
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Italians
Jews
Slavs
Greeks
Many are Catholic or Greek Orthodox
Greek Immigrants in Ethnic
Dress
Immigrant Communities
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Women’s Roles
Ghettos / Ethnic Neighborhoods
Religion and Fraternal Organizations
Linguistic Enclaves
Italian Society Parade
Internal Migration
• The Push West
– 1900: The Frontier Closes
• “The Great Migration”
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Moving North
Work Opportunities
Ghettos
Communal Institutions
The American City: Growth
• 1860: 25 million Rural / 6.2 mil Urban
• 1910: 50 million Rural / 42 mil Urban
– 3 Cities: 1 million +
– 5: 500,000 - 999,000
• New Immigrants
• Rural Migration
The American City:
Neighborhood Specialization
• Districting
• Suburbs
• Urban Transportation:
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Streetcards
Elevated Rail
Electric Streetcar
Subways
Effects
Problems
• Wastes
– Improved Sewage
– 1910: 10 out of 42 million Americans have
access to clean water
• Tenements
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Poorly made
Poorly insulated
No fire codes
Cramped
Crime
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Mostly Urban
Murders Quadruple (Lead?)
Slums
Prostitution
– Regulators
– White Slavery Panic
– Anti-Vice Crusaders
Political Machines
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Urban Immigrants
Bosses
Corruption
Social Services
Upper Class Protest
New Urban Architecture
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Technology
Skyscrapers
Style
Louis Sullivan
Education
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Innovators
Country vs. City
Rise of High Schools
Classical vs. Modern Curricula
Assimilation
Universities
– Land Grant and Co-Ed Universities
Sports: Baseball
• 1840: NYC Area
• Pro Ball: 1869--Cincinnati Red Stockings
• National League (1880s) - 8 million
spectators / year
• 1899: American League
• 1903: First World Series (Boston
Americans (AL) vs Pittsburgh Pirates (NL),
5-3 games.
Entertainment
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Theatre: Melodrama --> Realism
Music
Orchestras
Black Music (Ragtime)
New Theatre Forms
Motion Pictures
• Thomas Edison (1890s)
• 1895: First projected movies
• 1903: Great Train Robbery -- First full
story
• 1905: 3,000 movie theatres
• 1914: 13,000 movie theatres / 5-7 million
patrons a day
Sports
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Urban Need for Exercise and Entertainment
Basketball (1891)
Bicycling (1890s)
Blue Laws
Boxing (Jack Johnson 1908)
Football
Male Dominated