Ch. 18
“America Claims an Empire”
1880 - 1914
“Becoming a World Power”
OVERSEAS EXPANSION
Foreign
Policy
•America’s
American
Foreign
Slowly
Develops
Policy
Develops
• ISOLATIONISM
Washington’s
Foreign Policy
– Monroe
Doctrine
NEUTRALITY
• Expansionism
*NOT
join an
alliance
– Manifest
Destiny
with
any foreign
country,
– ONLY
on our Continent
so
as
to
NOT
get
pulled
• Imperialism
into a war we couldn’t
– Exercise economic &
affordinfluence
to join / control
political
over developing countries
to establish NEW TRADE and NEW MARKETS
Expanding American Influence
• Imperialism – the practice of extending
political and economic influence or control over
another country.
• The search for raw materials and new markets in
countries in Asia, Latin America, and Africa will
result in competition between emerging Industrial
countries, driving this Age of Imperialism. They
competed for economic power and influence in
areas across the world – controlling trade within
these areas or “spheres of influence”.
America Ready to Expand
• Growth of Imperialism
– Global Competition for Resources/Markets
• Alaska (Seward’s Folly) $7.2 million
+ Products
+ =New
Markets
•Resources
Needs for Expansion
(Growth
Jobs)
($$ Investment in Latin Am.) Banana Republics
• Admiral Mahan calls for “Navy Power”
(Jobs, Prosperity,
Future Economic Growth)
• 1-Strong
Navy
• 2-Navy Bases around the World (refuel)
• 3-Canal between Atlantic & Pacific
• Josiah Strong “Sense of Mission”
= ECONOMIC GROWTH
*JAPAN – Open Trade Treaty –
Commander Matthew Perry
*Hawaii – 1887 Pearl Harbor
Queen Liliukalani
-Sugar Cane Planters pushed for
U.S. Annexation – Dole gov’t
*Cleveland – NO *McKinley – YES
(Aug. 12,1898 - Hawaii Territory)
- 1959 became the 50th State
*Midway Island
*Guam
• The Spanish-American War served as a Turning
Point in the Foreign Policy of the United States. In
entering the current world of
Foreign Competition and Imperialism,
America established itself as an
emerging International Economic
and Political Power.
Spanish American War
• An uprising occurred against the Spanish-ruled
Cuba in 1895. Interest in American intervention was
bolstered by the two things.
• 1) Monetary Investment by American Businesses
in the “Banana Republics” in Latin America
and the 2) “Yellow Journalism”
sensationalized articles in Pulitzer
and Hearst newspapers, which will
incite public opinion and
bolster newspaper sales.
• Backyard Rebellions
– American Support / Newspaper stories
• Cuban Rebellion v. Spanish Control
– Jose’ Marti
• Philippines Rebellion
– Emilio Aquinaldo
• “Yellow Journalism - Competition”
Newspaper War ( Hearst - Pulitzer )
• William Randolph Hearst “quote”
“You furnish the pictures, and I’ll furnish the War”
Spanish American War
• In 1898, the USS Maine,
stationed in Cuba, inexplicably
blew up – killing 266 sailors.
War will erupt within two
months. Pro-war legislators
saw a free Cuba as an
tremendous opportunity for
economic development.
Spanish American War
•
The first shots of the Spanish-American war
occurred in far-off Spanish-ruled Philippines. There the U.S. defeated
the Spanish navy and took over the city of Manila. Filipino rebels
seized the island of Luzon. The Americans captured the city of Manila
with rebel help.
• During the “splendid little war”, future president
Theodore Roosevelt led his cavalry unit, the
Rough Riders, at the battle of San Juan.
• In 1901, Cuba was granted independence by
United States, under the Platt Amendment. The
Philippines will be a U.S. territory, following a failed
revolt by the rebels, but will achieve complete
independence in 1946, and Puerto Rico will be
established as an American Commonwealth.
U. S. Goes to War
w/ Spain
• 1. de Lome letter
• 2. U.S.S. Maine explodes
• April 20, 1898 U.S. declares War vs. Spain
• Admiral Dewey takes Manilla (Roosevelt)
• U.S. invades Cuba - 17,000 troops
• T. Roosevelt's Rough Riders
– Famous attack at San Juan Hill (Kettle Hill)
• GOAL - U.S. gain “Spheres of Influence”
in Central and South America
Results of the WAR:
• U.S. Gains/Spreads “Spheres of Influence”
• Territories/ Protectorate / Commonwealth
• Cuba (Protectorate) - Platt Amendment
• Puerto Rico (Commonwealth)
• U.S. Annexes Philippines Territory
– Territory ($20 million given to Spain)
– Philippines REBELS (Anti-Imperialism in US)
• U.S. spend 100’s of Millions $$$ building:
Roads, Hospitals, Schools, Water, Power
throughout Cuba, PR and Philippines
U.S. Becoming a World Power
• CHINA -Foreign Imperialism
France, Germany,England,Japan,Russia
Spheres of Influence - Extra-territoriality
• 3 Main Beliefs of Economic Growth
• 1) Growth Depends on Exports
• 2) Right to Intervene to keeps Markets Open
• 3) Closing of area to U.S. Products, Citizens and
Ideas threatened U.S. survival
U.S. Becomes a World Power
• Boxer Rebellion
Chinese Independence
– NEW Commercial Treaties
• John Hay
“Open Door Trade Policy”
-opened trade with China for the U.S.
• (U.S. Influence in Region Growing)
• Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905 (Korea)
T. Roosevelt mediates Treaty of Portsmouth
• Nobel Peace Prize
– Teddy Roosevelt (1st American to receive award)
–
• From 1881 to 1887, France attempted to build a canal across
the Isthmus of Panama. In 1903, the U.S. took over the
project and signed a treaty granting permanent lease over a
10-mile wide swathe across Panama for $10 million and
annual rent of $250,000. Over 40,000 worked on the canal,
which will open Aug. 15,1914
– reducing trip times by 8,000 miles.
The PANAMA CANAL
• Panama Revolts- Columbia
– U.S. Support
• Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty
allowed the U.S. to build the
Panama Canal and provided for
perpetual control of a zone
five-miles wide on either side
of the canal.
Roosevelt’s
Foreign Policy
• The building of the canal was part
of a foreign policy whose intent
was to extend American influence
in the Western Hemisphere. In 1904, Roosevelt issued his
Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine – establishing the
U.S. as the policing power of the Western Hemisphere. He
and his advisors believed the U.S. should intervene in order
to stabilize the political and economic affairs of these
smaller countries. He especially wanted to keep European
countries from interfering in the region.
• The Monroe Doctrine
is Expanded
(Roosevelt Corollary)
– “speak softly and
carry a big stick”
• U.S. troops will “enforce” U.S. interests in
our “Spheres of Interest”
• Dollar Diplomacy (TAFT)
(use money to influence politics)
U.S. government guarantee of loans made to
countries in our “Sphere of Interest”
• U.S. investments “pours” into Latin America
– Roads, harbors, hospitals, schools, etc…
• Military Intervention (protect US interests)
• Woodrow Wilson “Moral Diplomacy” (Missionary)
– He said, "The force of America is the force of moral principle."
The central idea behind his policy of "moral diplomacy" was to
influence and control foreign nations and events through the
exercise of economic power (similar to “Human Rights” Issues)
• MEXICO
– History of Massive Government Corruption
– 1911 Violent Revolutions (Brutal – Bloody)
• Mexico Civil War (v. Herta)
– Veracruz incident = Carranza take over
– Pancho Villa
• New Mexico town attacked
• 16 American engineers shot
– John J. Pershing & 1,000 troops sent to Mexico
Debating America’s New Role
AMERICAN IMPERIALISM
•
•
•
•
•
FOR IMPERIALISM
Americans need a new frontier
Economy would benefit from more
markets ( new markets + )
Military would gain power by
having bases around the world
American ideals of liberty and
democracy should be spread
• Great White Fleet
(showing American
Naval Power)
• AGAINST IMPERIALISM
• people in territories would be
denied their liberties
• Racist beliefs are used to justify
controlling other nations
• Overseas involvement is expensive
(it will mean more taxes & debts)
• U.S. has enough problems, we don’t
need more responsibilities