CONTEXT
WHAT TASKS FACE THE NATION AFTER THE
CIVIL WAR ENDS?
1. How should the devastated South be rebuilt?
2. What would be the place/role of the freedmen?
3. How will the conquered states be re-admitted to the
Union?
4. Who will direct/control reconstruction?
5. How could Reconstruction have been done better?
ALSO…
A. How will Southern leaders/traitors be treated?
B. What economic system will replace slavery?
12.1 OBJECTIVE:
How did Presidential and Congressional
plans for Reconstruction differ?
HW: 12.2, #1, #4
RECONSTRUCTION
•
•
•
•
•
When was Reconstruction?
What is being re-constructed?
How long did it last?
Who did the “constructing”?
Did it work?
Second Inaugural Address
(Prelude to Reconstruction)
Read Lincoln’s second inaugural address:
Answer the following:
What is the tone of the address?
Who is Lincoln addressing?
What strikes you most about the address?
How does it compare to political speeches you have
heard before?
In light if this document, why do some say that
Lincoln’s death was a tragedy for the South?
Second Inaugural Address of Abraham Lincoln
http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/inaug/lincoln2.htm
Neither party expected for the war the magnitude or the duration which it has already attained.
Neither anticipated that the cause of the conflict might cease with or even before the conflict
itself should cease. Each looked for an easier triumph, and a result less fundamental and
astounding. Both read the same Bible and pray to the same God, and each invokes His aid against
the other. It may seem strange that any men should dare to ask a just God's assistance in wringing
their bread from the sweat of other men's faces, but let us judge not, that we be not judged. The
prayers of both could not be answered. That of neither has been answered fully. The Almighty has
His own purposes. "Woe unto the world because of offenses; for it must needs be that offenses
come, but woe to that man by whom the offense cometh." If we shall suppose that American
slavery is one of those offenses which, in the providence of God, must needs come, but which,
having continued through His appointed time, He now wills to remove, and that He gives to both
North and South this terrible war as the woe due to those by whom the offense came, shall we
discern therein any departure from those divine attributes which the believers in a living God
always ascribe to Him? Fondly do we hope, fervently do we pray, that this mighty scourge of war
may speedily pass away. Yet, if God wills that it continue until all the wealth piled by the
bondsman's two hundred and fifty years of unrequited toil shall be sunk, and until every drop of
blood drawn with the lash shall be paid by another drawn with the sword, as was said three
thousand years ago, so still it must be said "the judgments of the Lord are true and righteous
altogether."
With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives
us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation's wounds, to
care for him who shall have borne the battle and for his widow and his orphan, to do all which
may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.
RECONSTRUCTION PLANS
LINCOLN’S 1863 PLAN:
WADE-DAVIS BILL, 1864:
• 10% of 1860 voters
• 50% of 1860 voters
must swear allegiance
must swear allegiance
to Union
to Union
• Pledge to abide by
• STRONG safeguards
emancipation
for emancipation
• Focused on pardon of
• Focused on pardon of
individuals by President
states by Congress
* Pocket-vetoed by Lincoln,
exposed split b/w Moderate
and Radical Republicans
Taking the Oath of Allegiance
Taking the Oath of Allegiance
These white southerners are shown taking the oath of allegiance to the United States
in 1865 as part of the process of restoring civil government in the South. The Union
soldiers and officers are administering the oath. (Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Charles Sumner
RADICAL REPUBLICANS
Charles Sumner (left), Senator from Massachusetts, and
Thaddeus Stevens, (right), Congressman from Pennsylvania, led the
Radical Republican faction in Congress. (Portraits from Library of Congress)
What were the Radical
Republicans worried about?
Southern States, with more new seats in Congress,
would control the Federal govt. and halt
Reconstruction.
WHY DID THE SOUTH HAVE MORE POWER
NOW?
Freedmen counted FULLY, no longer 3/5.
How is the war affecting the peace?
Pres. Andrew Johnson
•
•
•
•
•
WHO WAS HE?
VP to Lincoln in 1864 to
attract pro-Union Democrats
to Union Party
Humble origins, selfeducated, self-made man
From Tennessee, slaveowner
Pro-Union, appointed war
time governor
Pro states’ rights
Portrait of Andrew Johnson
(Library of Congress)
JOHNSON’S RECONSTRUCTION
PLAN (1865):
HOW WAS IT DIFFERENT FROM CONGRESS’ PLAN?
• Called “Presidential Reconstruction”
• Same as 10% plan of Lincoln, BUT
• Disenfranchised leading Confederates and Planter
class ($20,000 property or more)
• Special State Convention to repeal secession laws,
repudiate Confederate debts, ratify 13th amendment
*Johnson granted many pardons-enraging Radical
Reps.
OBJECTIVE:
How did Presidential and
Congressional plans for
Reconstruction differ?
• Who had the better plan? Why?
• What problems do you foresee with
Reconstruction?
THE FREEDMEN
• Freedmen’s Bureau lasted from 3/3/1865-1872)
What was the job of the Freedmen’s Bureau?
- distribute food and clothing
- help house
- help educate
- help train for independence
Why did Pres. Johnson veto the Freedmen’s Bureau?
King Andrew
King Andrew
This Thomas Nast cartoon, published in
Harper's Weekly just before the 1866
congressional elections, conveyed
Republican antipathy to Andrew
Johnson. The president is depicted as an
autocratic tyrant. Radical Republican
Thaddeus Stevens, upper right, has his
head on the block and is about to lose it.
The Republic sits in chains. (Harper's
Weekly, 1866)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
REPUBLICAN CONGRESS VS.
“ANDY VETO”
•
•
•
•
•
•
South returns “whitewashed rebels” to Congress
Republicans close Congress to “rebels” Dec. 4, 1865
Johnson recognizes Southern states Dec. 6, 1865
Johnson vetoes extension of Freedmen’s Bureau
Johnson vetoes Civil Rights Bill of 1866
Republicans pass 14th Amendment – DOES NOT
GRANT RIGHT TO VOTE TO FREEDMEN!!!
• Johnson defeated in 1866 Congressional Elections
Johnson Impeached (Almost!!!)
• 1867: Congress passes “Tenure of Office Act”
• Johnson fires Sec. Of War Stanton, a Radical
sympathizer in the Administration
• House of Reps votes 126 to 47 to impeach
• Senate fails to impeach by ONE vote
NOTE: Vice Presidency still vacant – many fear Ben
Wade as President, despite dislike of Johnson
Congressional Reconstruction/
Military Reconstruction: 1867-1877
1867-1869:
• South divided into 5 military districts
• Disenfranchised former Confederates
• Req. South to ratify 14th Amendment
• Req. South to guarantee full suffrage to Freedmen
1870-1877:
• Fifteenth Amendment passed to ensure suffrage
• Federal troops enforce Reconstruction until 1877
Map: The Reconstruction
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
The First Vote
The First Vote
A newly freed slave casts his first
vote. (Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Distinguished Colored Men
Distinguished Colored Men
This lithograph from 1883
depicts prominent African
American men, several of whom
had leading roles in Black
Reconstruction. (Library of
Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Grant Administration
• Grant (Republican) wins 214 electoral votes to
Seymour’s (Democrat) 80
• NOTE: Grant only wins popular vote by 300,000
SIGNIFICANCE: The approx. 500,000 to 700,000
Freedmen’s votes swing election to Grant.
Map: Popular Vote for President in the South, 1872
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
• Did we learn any lessons from Reconstruction?
• Compare and Contrast Reconstruction after the
Civil War and reconstruction in Iraq.
• Are there any lessons from the Civil War that
could be helpful in Iraq?
12.2 OBJECTIVE:
What were the social, political, and
economic changes in the South
during Reconstruction?
HW: 12.3, #1, #4
1. Define scalawag.
2. _______________ replaced slavery as the
agricultural system in the South.
3. __________ was elected president in 1868 and
1872.
4. Lincoln and Johnson’s plan for reconstruction
required ________% of Southern voters from
1860 to swear allegiance to the Union.
5. Thaddeus Stevens was the leader of the
_________________.
1. Define carpetbagger.
2. _______________ replaced slavery as the
agricultural system in the South.
3. __________ was almost impeached in 1867.
4. Congress’s plan for reconstruction required
________% of Southern voters from 1860 to
swear allegiance to the Union.
5. The Fifteenth Amendment guaranteed the
universal right to ___________.
REPUBLICANS IN THE SOUTH
Made up of:
Scalawags
Carpetbaggers
Freedmen
What were the differences?
Were these positive or negative names?
Southern Counter-Reaction
•
•
•
•
•
•
New Southern govts pass Black Codes
Racial politics enforced (segregation)
Race riots & lynchings
KKK, vigilante “justice”
Sharecropping instituted
Jim Crow laws, disenfranchisement of
Freedmen
Memphis Riots, May 2, 1866, Harper's Weekly
Memphis Riots, May 2, 1866, Harper's Weekly
In 1866, as Congress reviewed the progress of Reconstruction, news from the South
had a considerable impact. Violence against black people, like the riot in Memphis
depicted here, helped convince northern legislators that they had to modify President
Johnson's policies. (Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Primary Document
Mississippi Black Code
http://chnm.gmu.edu/courses/122/recon/code.html
Vagrancy Law
Section 1. Be it enacted by the legislature of the state of Mississippi, that all rogues and vagabonds, idle and dissipated persons, beggars, jugglers, or persons practising
unlawful games or plays, runaways, common drunkards, common nightwalkers, pilferers, lewd, wanton, or lascivious persons, in speech or behavior, common railers and
brawlers, persons who neglect their calling or employment, misspend what they earn, or do not provide for the support of themselves or their families or dependents, and all
other idle and disorderly persons, including all who neglect all lawful business, or habitually misspend their time by frequenting houses of ill-fame, gaming houses, or tippling
shops, shall be deemed and considered vagrants under the provisions of this act; and, on conviction thereof shall be fined not exceeding $100, with all accruing costs, and be
imprisoned at the discretion of the court not exceeding ten days.
Section 2. Be it further enacted, that all freedmen, free Negroes, and mulattoes in this state over the age of eighteen years found on the second Monday in January 1866, or
thereafter, with no lawful employment or business, or found unlawfully assembling themselves together either in the day or nighttime, and all white persons so assembling with
freedmen, free Negroes, or mulattoes, or usually associating with freedmen, free Negroes, or mulattoes on terms of equality, or living in adultery or fornication with a
freedwoman, free Negro, or mulatto, shall be deemed vagrants; and, on conviction thereof, shall be fined in the sum of not exceeding, in the case of a freedman, free Negro, or
mulatto, 150, and a white man, $200, and imprisoned at the discretion of the court, the free Negro not exceeding ten days, and the white man not exceeding six months.
Section 3. Be it further enacted, that all justices of the peace, mayors, and aldermen of incorporated towns and cities of the several counties in this state shall have jurisdiction
to try all questions of vagrancy in their respective towns, counties, and cities; and it is hereby made their duty, whenever they shall ascertain that any person or persons in their
respective towns, counties, and cities are violating any of the provisions of this act, to have said party or parties arrested and brought before them and immediately investigate
said charge; and, on conviction, punish said party or parties as provided for herein. And it is hereby made the duty of all sheriffs, constables, town constables, city marshals,
and all like officers to report to some officer having jurisdiction all violations of any of the provisions of this act; and it shall be the duty of the county courts to inquire if any
officers have neglected any of the duties required by this act; and in case any officer shall fail or neglect any duty herein, it shall be the duty of the county court to fine said
officer, upon conviction, not exceeding $100, to be paid into the county treasury for county purposes.
Section 4. Be it further enacted, that keepers of gaming houses, houses of prostitution, all prostitutes, public or private, and all persons who derive their chief support in
employments that militate against good morals or against laws shall be deemed and held to be vagrants.
Section 5. Be it further enacted, that all fines and forfeitures collected under the provisions of this act shall be paid into the county treasury for general county purposes; and in
case any freedman, free Negro, or mulatto shall fail for five days after the imposition of any fine or forfeiture upon him or her for violation of any of the provisions of this act
to pay the same, that it shall be, and is hereby made, the duty of the sheriff of the proper county to hire out said freedman, free Negro, or mulatto to any person who will, for
the shortest period of service, pay said fine or forfeiture and all costs:
Provided, a preference shall be given to the employer, if there be one, in which case the employer shall be entitled to deduct and retain the amount so paid from the wages of
such freedman, free Negro, or mulatto then due or to become due; and in case such freedman, free Negro, or mulatto cannot be hired out he or she may be dealt with as a
pauper.
Section 6. Be it further enacted, that the same duties and liabilities existing among white persons of this state shall attach to freedmen, free Negroes, and mulattoes to support
their indigent families and all colored paupers; and that, in order to secure a support for such indigent freedmen, free Negroes, and mulattoes, it shall be lawful, and it is hereby
made the duty of the boards of county police of each county in this state, to levy a poll or capitation tax on each and every freedman, free Negro, or mulatto, between the ages
of eighteen and sixty years, not to exceed the sum of s I annually, to each person so taxed, which tax, when collected, shall be paid into the county treasurer's hands and
constitute a fund to be called the Freedman's Pauper Fund, which shall be applied by the commissioners of the poor for the maintenance of the poor of the freedmen, free
Negroes. and mulattoes of this state, under such regulations as may be established by the boards of county police, in the respective counties of this state.
Section 7. Be it further enacted, that if any freedman, free Negro, or mulatto shall fail or refuse to pay any tax levied according to the provisions of the 6th Section of this act, it
shall be prima facie evidence of vagrancy, and it shall be the duty of the sheriff to arrest such freedman, free Negro, or mulatto, or such person refusing or neglecting to pay
such tax, and proceed at once to hire, for the shortest time, such delinquent taxpayer to anyone who will pay the said tax, with accruing costs, giving preference to the
employer, if there be one.
Section 8. Be it further enacted, that any person feeling himself or herself aggrieved by the judgment of any justice of the peace, mayor, or alderman in cases arising under this
act may, within five days, appeal to the next term of the county court of the proper county, upon giving bond and security in a sum not less than $25 nor more than $150,
conditioned to appear and prosecute said appeal, and abide by the judgment of the county court, and said appeal shall be tried de novo in the county court, and the decision of
said court shall be final.
Vagrancy Law
Section 1. Be it enacted by the legislature of the state of
Mississippi, that all rogues and vagabonds, idle and dissipated
persons, beggars, jugglers, or persons practising unlawful games
or plays, runaways, common drunkards, common nightwalkers,
pilferers, lewd, wanton, or lascivious persons, in speech or
behavior, common railers and brawlers, persons who neglect their
calling or employment, misspend what they earn, or do not provide
for the support of themselves or their families or dependents, and
all other idle and disorderly persons, including all who neglect all
lawful business, or habitually misspend their time by frequenting
houses of ill-fame, gaming houses, or tippling shops, shall be
deemed and considered vagrants under the provisions of this act;
and, on conviction thereof shall be fined not exceeding $100, with
all accruing costs, and be imprisoned at the discretion of the court
not exceeding ten days.
NEW FREEDOMS
BLACK CODES
FREEDOM TO OWN LAND
FREEDOM TO LEARN
FREEDOM TO WORSHIP
FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT
BLACK CODES
Curfews = Generally, black people could not gather after sunset
Vagrancy Laws = Freedmen convicted of vagrancy – that is, not working – could be
fined, whipped, and sold for a year’s labor
Labor contracts = Freedmen had to sign agreements in January for a year of work.
Those who quit in the middle of a contract often lost all the wages they had earned
Land restrictions = freed people could rent land or homes only in rural areas. This
restriction forced them to live on plantations.
NEW FREEDOMS
FREEDOM TO OWN LAND
BLACK CODES
Land restrictions
FREEDOM TO LEARN
FREEDOM TO WORSHIP
FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT
Curfews, Vagrancy Laws, Labor contracts
BLACK CODES
Curfews = Generally, black people could not gather after sunset
Vagrancy Laws = Freedmen convicted of vagrancy – that is, not working – could be
fined, whipped, and sold for a year’s labor
Labor contracts = Freedmen had to sign agreements in January for a year of work.
Those who quit in the middle of a contract often lost all the wages they had earned.
Land restrictions = freed people could rent land or homes only in rural areas. This
restriction forced them to live on plantations.
Primary Document
http://chnm.gmu.edu/courses/122/recon/code.html
Apprentice Law
Section 1. Be it enacted by the legislature of the state of Mississippi, that it shall
be the duty of all sheriffs, justices of the peace, and other civil officers of the
several counties in this state to report to the Probate courts of their respective
counties semiannually, at the January and July terms of said courts, all freedmen,
free Negroes, and mulattoes under the age of eighteen within their respective
counties, beats, or districts who are orphans, or whose parent or parents have not
the means, or who refuse to provide for and support said minors; and thereupon it
shall be the duty of said Probate Court to order the clerk of said court to
apprentice said minors to some competent and suitable person, on such terms as
the court may direct, having a particular care to the interest of said minors.
Provided, that said apprentice shall be bound by indenture, in case of males until
they are twenty-one years old, and in case of females until they are eighteen years
old.
Section 3. Be it further enacted, that in the management and control of said
apprentices, said master or mistress shall have power to inflict such moderate
corporeal chastisement as a father or guardian is allowed to inflict on his or her
child or ward at common law:
Exodusters
Exodusters
Benjamin "Pap" Singleton, a one-time fugitive slave from Tennessee, returned there
to promote the "exodus" movement of the late 1870s. Forming a real estate company,
Singleton traveled the south recruiting parties of freedmen who were disillusioned
with the outcome of Reconstruction. These emigrants, awaiting a Mississippi River
boat, looked forward to political equality, freedom from violence, and homesteads in
Kansas. (Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
The First Vote
The First Vote
A newly freed slave casts his first
vote. (Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Ku Klux Klan meeting
Ku Klux Klan meeting
In this picture, the artist has portrayed a group of bizarrely dressed Klansmen
contemplating the murder of a white Republican. (Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Black sharecropping family in front of their cabin
SHARECROPPING
= system of farming
in which a farmer
tends some portion
of a planter’s land
and receives a share
of the crop at harvest
time as payment.
Black sharecropping family in front of their cabin
Sharecropping gave African Americans more control over their labor than did labor
contracts. But sharecropping also contributed to the south's dependence on one-crop
agriculture and helped to perpetuate widespread rural poverty. (Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
SHARECROPPING AND THE CYCLE OF DEBT
Share cropper cannot
leave the farm
as long as
he is in debt
to the landlord.
At harvest time,
the sharecropper
owes more to the
landlord than his
share of the crop is worth.
Poor whites &
Freedmen have
no jobs, no homes,
and no money
to buy food.
Poor whites & freedmen
sign contracts
to work a landlord’s
acreage in exchange
for part of the crop.
Landlord keeps
track of the money
that sharecroppers
owe him for housing and food.
Map: The Barrow Plantation, 1860 and 1881
The Barrow Plantation, 1860 and 1881
The transformation of the Barrow plantation in Oglethorpe County, Georgia, illustrates the striking changes in southern agriculture during
Reconstruction. Before the Civil War, about 135 slaves worked on the plantation, supervised by an overseer and a slave foreman. After the war, the
former slaves who remained on the plantation signed labor contracts with owner David Crenshaw Barrow. Supervised by a hired foreman, the
freedmen grew cotton for wages in competing squads, but they disliked the new arrangement. In the late 1860s, Barrow subdivided his land into
tenant farms of twenty-five to thirty acres, and freedmen moved their households from the old slave quarters to their own farms. By 1881, 161
tenants lived on the Barrow plantation, at least half of them children. One out of four families was named Barrow.
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
12.3 COLLAPSE OF
RECONSTRUCTION
HW: 16.3, #1
OPPOSITION TO
RECONSTRUCTION
KU KLUX KLAN
•
•
•
•
Formed in 1866
“secret” society
Used violence and intimidation
Used economic warfare
Mississippi Klansman, 1871
Mississippi Klansman, 1871
Members of the Ku Klux Klan devised
ghoulish costumes to heighten the terror
inspired by their acts. This photograph
shows the costume of a Mississippi
Klansman from 1871. (Courtesy of Mr.
Herbert Peck, Jr.)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
The White League
The White League
Alabama's White League, formed in 1874, strove to oust Republicans from office by
intimidating black voters. To political cartoonist Thomas Nast, such vigilante tactics
suggested an alliance between the White League and the outlawed Ku Klux Klan.
(Harper's Weekly, October 24, 1874)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Grant Administration
• Grant – Popular soldier, inept (corrupt?)
politician
• Grant’s Cabinet and Administration
famous for graft, corruption and nepotism
(his wife’s family)
• Despite, numerous scandals and charges
of incompetence, Grant is reelected in
1872!
• Handles Panic of 1873 poorly
The Grant
administration had
already undergone the
embarrassment of a slew
of scandals—Credit
Mobilier, Sanborn
Contracts, Whiskey
Ring, Navy Contracts,
Emma Silver Mine,
and others—in the fall
1876 elections, the
Democrats attempt to
impeach the president.
http://www.harpweek.com/09Cartoon/BrowseByDate
Cartoon.asp?Month=June&Date=3
Reconstruction cartoon
Reconstruction
cartoon
This 1868 cartoon by
Thomas Nast pictured
the combination of
forces that threatened
the success of
Reconstruction:
southern opposition
and the greed,
partisanship, and
racism of northern
interests. (Library of Congress)
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Compromise of 1877
• Grant willing to run for 3rd term, but Congress
votes 233- to 18 on resolution to discourage him
• Republicans nominate Rutherford B. Hayes,
veteran from Ohio
• Democrats nominate Samuel J. Tilden, reformer
who convicted Tweed
• Tilden wins 184 of 185 needed votes, with 20
contested electoral votes. Tilden also wins
popular vote.
Map: The Presidential Election of 1876 and the Compromise of 1877
The Presidential Election of 1876 and the Compromise of 1877
In 1876 a combination of solid southern support and Democratic gains in the North gave Samuel Tilden the majority of
popular votes, but Rutherford B. Hayes won the disputed election in the electoral college, after a deal satisfied Democratic
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
wishes for an end to Reconstruction.
Compromise of 1877
AKA the Hayes-Tilden deal
• Republicans controlled the electoral commission,
and gave election to Hayes.
• To avoid conflict, North/Republicans offer to
withdraw federal troops from Louisiana and South
Carolina.
• Freedmen are abandoned for Northern political
interests
RECONSTRUCTION OFFICIALLY OVER
http://elections.harpweek.com/09Ver2Controversy/Cartoons/CompromiseIndeed5w.jpg
•
•
•
•
•
•
THE FAILURE OF RECONSTRUCTION:
DISENFRANCHISEMENT, GRAFT, &
COMPROMISE OF 1877
Reconstruction troubled with corruption of Grant
Administration, scalawags and carpetbaggers
KKK and secret societies intimidation
Congress’ Force acts of 1870 and 1871 ineffective
Jim Crow laws & intimidation disenfranchise
blacks
Black officials and representatives removed from
office by “electorate”
1883: Supreme Court rules 1875 Civil Rights Act
unconstitutional
http://pbsvideodb.pbs.org/resources/eyes/images/dc1.jpg
http://elections.harpweek.com/09Ver2Controversy/Cartoon-Large.asp?UniqueID=5&Year=1876