TOOLS
Locate the Pain: Body Maps
Body maps are useful for the precise location of
pain symptoms and sensory signs.*
*In cases of referred pain, the location of the pain and of the injury or nerve lesion/dysfunction may not be correlated
Gilron I et al. CMAJ 2006; 175(3):265-75; Walk D et al. Clin J Pain 2009; 25(7):632-40.
Pain History Worksheet
•
•
•
•
•
•
Site of pain1
What causes or worsens the pain? 1
Intensity and character of pain1
Associated symptoms? 1
Pain-related impairment in functioning? 1
Relevant medical history1
Patient history and physical exam are usually sufficient to
determine a functional diagnosis2
1. Ayad AE et al. J Int Med Res 2011; 39(4):1123-41; 2. IASP. Available at: http://www.iasppain.org/files/Content/ContentFolders/GlobalYearAgainstPain2/VisceralPainFactSheets/3-AcuteVsChronic.pdf. Accessed 1 December, 2014.
Determine Pain Intensity
Simple Descriptive Pain Intensity Scale
No
pain
Mild
pain
Moderate
pain
Severe
pain
Very severe
pain
Worst
pain
0–10 Numeric Pain Intensity Scale
0
No
pain
1
2
3
4
5
Moderate
pain
6
7
Faces Pain Scale – Revised
International Association for the Study of Pain. Faces Pain Scale – Revised. Available at: http://www.iasppain.org/Content/NavigationMenu/GeneralResourceLinks/FacesPainScaleRevised/default.htm. Accessed: July 15, 2013;
Iverson RE et al. Plast Reconstr Surg 2006; 118(4):1060-9.
8
9
10
Worst
possible pain
APS Questionnaire
• Measures 6 aspects of quality:
– Pain severity and relief
– Impact of pain on activity, sleep and
negative emotions
– Side effects of treatment
– Helpfulness of information about pain treatment
– Ability to participate in pain treatment decisions
– Use of non-pharmacological strategies
Gordon DB et al. J Pain 2010; 11(11):1172-86.
Brief Pain Inventory
Cleeland CS, Ryan KM. Ann Acad Med Singapore 1994; 23(2):129-38.
McGill Pain Questionnaire
Melzack R. Pain 1975; 1(3):277-99.
Pain Assessment: PQRST Mnemonic
•
•
•
•
•
Provocative and Palliative factors
Quality
Region and Radiation
Severity
Timing, Treatment
Budassi Sheehy S, Miller Barber J (eds). Emergency Nursing: Principles and Practice. 3rd ed. Mosby; St. Louis, MO: 1992.
ISSVD Vulvodynia Pattern Questionnaire
Full questionnaire
ISVVD = International Society for the Study of Vulvovaginal Disease
Available at: https://netforum.avectra.com/temp/ClientImages/ISSVD/3ef9c6ea-aac7-4d2b-a37f-058ef9f11a67.pdf. Accessed March 24, 2015.
Vulval Pain Functional Questionnaire
Available at:
http://www.medstarhealth.org/content/uploads/sites/8/2015/02/PMandR_VulvarP
ainQuestionnaire111910.pdf. Accessed March 24, 2015.
Full questionnaire
Vulval Pain Questionnaire
Full questionnaire
Available at: http://www.vulvalpainsociety.org/vps/images/pdf/vulval_pain_questionnaire_final_for_bssvd.pdf. Accessed March 24, 2015.
Depression Scales
PHQ-9
Kroenke K et al. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16(9):606-13.
Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D)
Montgomery-Åsberg
Depression Rating Scale
Montgomery SA, Asberg M. Br J Psychiatry. 1979;134:382-9.
Beck Depression Inventory
Beck AT et al. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1961;4:561-71.
Anxiety Scales
Beck Anxiety Inventory
Beck AT et al. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1988;56(6):893-7.
Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale
(HAM-A)
Hamilton M. Br J Med Psychol. 1959;32:50-5.
Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale Anxiety
Question
Frequency
Score
I feel tense or “wound up”
Most of the time
A lot of the time
Occasionally
Not at all
3
2
1
0
I get a sort of frightened feeling as if something awful is about to happen
Very definitely and quite badly
Yes, but not too badly
A little, but it doesn’t worry me
Not at all
3
2
1
0
Worrying thoughts go through my mind
A great deal of the time
A lot of the time
From time to time, but not often
Only occasionally
3
2
1
0
I can sit at ease and feel relaxed
Definitely
Usually
Not often
Not at all
0
1
2
3
I get a sort of frightened feeling like “butterflies” in the stomach
Not at all
Occasionally
Quite often
Very often
0
1
2
3
I feel restless as I have to be on the move
Very much indeed
Quite a lot
Not very much
Not at all
3
2
1
0
I get sudden feelings of panic
Very often indeed
Quite often
Not very often
Not often at all
3
2
1
0
Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1983;67:361-70.
Pain Disability Scale
Pain Disability Index
Tait RC, Chibnall JT, Krause S. The Pain Disability Index: psychometric properties. Pain. 1990;40:171-82.
Literature Cited
Ayad, A. E., Ghaly, N., Ragab, R., Majeed, S., Nassar, H., Al Jalabi, A., … Schug, S. A. (2011). Expert
panel consensus recommendations for the pharmacological treatment of acute pain in the
Middle East region. The Journal of International Medical Research, 39(4), 1123–1141.
Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical
anxiety: psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(6), 893–897.
Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for
measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561–571.
Budassi Sheely, S., & Miller Barber, J. (1992). Emergency Nursing: Principles and Practice. St Louis:
Mosby.
Cleeland, C. S., & Ryan, K. M. (1994). Pain assessment: global use of the Brief Pain Inventory.
Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore, 23(2), 129–138.
Gilron, I., Watson, C. P. N., Cahill, C. M., & Moulin, D. E. (2006). Neuropathic pain: a practical guide
for the clinician. CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal de l’Association Medicale
Canadienne, 175(3), 265–275. http://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.060146
Literature Cited
Gordon, D. B., Polomano, R. C., Pellino, T. A., Turk, D. C., McCracken, L. M., Sherwood, G., … Farrar,
J. T. (2010). Revised American Pain Society Patient Outcome Questionnaire (APS-POQ-R) for quality
improvement of pain management in hospitalized adults: preliminary psychometric evaluation. The
Journal of Pain: Official Journal of the American Pain Society, 11(11), 1172–1186.
http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpain.2010.02.012
Hamilton, M. (1959). The assessment of anxiety states by rating. The British Journal of Medical
Psychology, 32(1), 50–55.
Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. (2001). The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity
measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606–613.
Melzack, R. (1975). The McGill Pain Questionnaire: major properties and scoring methods. Pain,
1(3), 277–299.
Montgomery, S. A., & Asberg, M. (1979). A new depression scale designed to be sensitive to
change. The British Journal of Psychiatry: The Journal of Mental Science, 134, 382–389.
Tait, R. C., Chibnall, J. T., & Krause, S. (1990). The Pain Disability Index: psychometric properties.
Pain, 40(2), 171–182.
Vulval Pain Society. (n.d.). Vulval Pain Questionnaire. Retrieved June 25, 2015, from
http://www.vulvalpainsociety.org/vps/images/pdf/vulval_pain_questionnaire_final_for_bssvd.pdf
Literature Cited
Vulvar Pain Questionnaire. (n.d.). Retrieved June 25, 2015, from
http://ct1.medstarhealth.org/content/uploads/sites/8/2015/02/PMandR_VulvarPainQuestionnai
re111910.pdf
Walk, D., Sehgal, N., Moeller-Bertram, T., Edwards, R. R., Wasan, A., Wallace, M., … Backonja, M.M. (2009). Quantitative sensory testing and mapping: a review of nonautomated quantitative
methods for examination of the patient with neuropathic pain. The Clinical Journal of Pain, 25(7),
632–640. http://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e3181a68c64
Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983). The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatrica
Scandinavica, 67(6), 361–370.