Additional file 3. Diagnostic characteristics of physical test-hip pathology combinations from methodologically unacceptable study
designs
Article Title: A systematic review of the diagnostic performance of orthopedic physical examination tests of the hip.
Journal: BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders
Authors: Labib A. Rahman1; Sam Adie1,2,3 ; Justine M. Naylor 1,2,3; Rajat Mittal1,2,3; Sarah So1; Ian A. Harris1,2,3
1
South West Sydney Clinical School, University of New South Wales, 2Orthopaedic Department, Liverpool Hospital, 3Whitlam Orthopaedic
Research Centre
Study
Test
Pathology
Reference
Sensitivity
Specificity
Standard
(95%CI)
(95%CI)
TP/
TN/
(TP+FN)
(TN+FP)
PPV
NPV
+LR
-LR
(95%CI)
(95%CI)
1
Osteoarthritis Group:
Asayama et al.
Trendelenburg
2002 [1]
Sign
Youdas et al.
Trendelenburg
2010 [2]
Sign (Adduction
Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis
Radiography
1.00
1.00
(implied)
0.80-1.00
0.91-1.00
8/8
18/18
0.55
0.70
0.40-0.68
0.55-0.83
11/20
14/20
0.96
0.18
0.92-0.98
0.13-0.21
109/ 114
15/85
0.26
0.92
0.22-0.29
0.88-0.95
41/159
162/177
Radiography
1.00
0.65
1.00
0.61
35.89a
0.06a
5.73 –
0.01 –
212.06a
0.31a
1.83
0.64
0.88-3.96
0.39-1.10
1.16
0.25
1.06-1.24
0.10-0.63
3.04
0.81
1.78-5.28
0.75-0.89
of Pelvis-onFemur Angle)
Altman et al.
Flexion ROM <
Symptomatic
1991 [3]
115o
Osteoarthritis
Klässbo et al.
Passive Flexion
Symptomatic
2003 [4]
ROM <110og
Osteoarthritis
Radiography
Radiographyb
0.61
0.73
0.75
0.58
2
Altman et al.
Internal Rotation
Symptomatic
1991 [3]
ROM < 15o
Osteoarthritis
Klässbo et al.
Passive Internal
Symptomatic
2003 [4]
Rotation ROM <
Osteoarthritis
Radiography
Radiographyb
0.66
0.72
0.60-0.71
0.64-0.79
75/114
61/85
0.12
0.95
0.09-0.14
0.92-0.97
19/159
168/177
0.03
0.99
0.02-0.04
0.98-1.00
5/159
176/177
0.01
0.93
0.00-0.04
0.92-0.95
2/159
165/177
0.07
0.99
0.76
0.68
0.61
0.55
2.33
0.48
1.67-3.32
0.37-0.63
2.35
0.93
1.12-5.00
0.88-0.99
5.57
0.97
0.87-
0.96-1.00
20og
Klässbo et al.
Passive Internal
Symptomatic
2003 [4]
Rotation ROM <
Osteoarthritis
Radiographyb
0.83
0.53
20o and Flexion
35.87
ROM <110og
Klässbo et al.
Passive
Symptomatic
2003 [4]
Abduction ROM
Osteoarthritis
Radiographyb
0.14
0.51
0.19
1.06
0.05-0.72
1.01-1.08
12.25
0.94
<20og
Klässbo et al.
Passive
Symptomatic
Radiographyb
0.92
0.54
3
2003 [4]
Abduction ROM
Osteoarthritis
<20o, Flexion
0.05-0.07
0.98-1.00
11/159
176/177
0.04
1.00
0.02-0.04
0.99-1.00
6/ 159
177/ 177
0.35
0.90
0.22-0.42
0.77-0.97
7/20
18/20
2.08-
0.93-0.97
73.66
ROM <110o and
Internal Rotation
ROM < 20og
Klässbo et al.
Limited Passive
Symptomatic
2003 [4]
ROM in All 6
Osteoarthritis
Radiographyb
1.00
0.54
Planesg
Youdas et al.
Isometric
2010 [2]
Manual Muscle
Osteoarthritis
Radiography
Test < 30% body
0.78
0.58
14.46a
0.96a
1.45 –
0.96 –
147.09a
0.99a
3.50
0.72
0.96-
0.60-1.01
14.17
weight
Labral Pathology:
4
Leunig et al.
Impingement
Acetabular
2004 [5]
Test
Labral Tears
Troelsen et al.
Impingement
Acetabular
2009 [6]
Test
Labral Tears
Leunig et al.
Impingement
Acetabular
2004 [5]
Test
Labral
MRA
MRA
MRA
1.00
0.00
1.00-1.00
0.00-0.00
18/18
0/10
0.59
1.00
0.54-0.59
0.21-1.00
10/17
1/1
1.00
0.00
1.00-1.00
0.00-0.00
12/12
0/16
1.00
0.00
1.00-1.00
0.00-0.00
13/13
0/15
0.41
1.00
0.64
1.00
0.43
-
0.13
-
Hypertrophy
Leunig et al.
Impingement
Presence of Soft
2004 [5]
Test
Tissue Ganglia
MRA
0.46
-
in the Acetabular
1.02a
0.58a
0.96 –
0.03 –
1.09a
9.95a
2.33a
0.56a
0.66 –
0.40 –
22.57a
2.30a
0.99a
1.31a
0.93 –
0.07 –
1.05a
22.49a
1.00a
1.14a
0.94 –
0.07 –
1.06a
19.65a
1.67a
0.78a
Labrum
Troelsen et al.
FABER Test
Acetabular
MRA
1.00
0.09
5
Labral Tears
2009 [6]
Troelsen et al.
Resisted Straight
Acetabular
2009 [6]
Leg Raise
Labral Tears
MRA
0.37-0.41
0.21-1.00
7/17
1/1
0.06
1.00
0.02-0.06
0.31-1.00
1/17
1/1
0.33
0.86
0.20-0.39
0.58-0.97
5/15
6/7
0.60
1.00
0.47-0.60
0.72-1.00
1.00
0.06
0.45 –
0.57 –
16.39a
3.09a
0.33a
1.22a
0.04 –
0.92 –
3.95a
3.47a
2.33
0.78
0.48-
0.63-1.38
Gluteal Pathology:
Woodley et al.
Pain on Active
Pathology of the
2008 [7]
Hip Internal
Gluteus Medius
Rotation
or Gluteus
MRI
0.83
0.38
14.58
Minimus
Tendons
Woodley et al.
Pain on Passive
Pathology of the
2008 [7]
Hip Abduction
Gluteus Medius
MRI
1.00
0.54
9.50a
0.43a
1.37 –
0.38 –
6
or Gluteus
9/15
7/7
0.53
0.86
0.39-0.59
0.56-0.97
8/15
6/7
0.47
0.86
0.33-0.52
0.56-0.97
7/15
6/7
0.47
0.86
0.33-0.52
0.56-0.97
7/15
6/7
93.70a
0.81a
3.73
0.54
0.88-
0.42-1.10
Minimus
Tendons
Woodley et al.
Pain on Passive
Pathology of the
2008 [7]
Hip Internal
Gluteus Medius
Rotation
or Gluteus
MRI
0.89
0.46
22.11
Minimus
Tendons
Woodley et al.
Pain on Resisted
Pathology of the
2008 [7]
Testing of the
Gluteus Medius
Gluteus
or Gluteus
Minimus Muscle
Minimus
MRI
0.88
0.43
3.27
0.62
0.74-19.6
0.49-1.20
3.27
0.62
0.74-19.6
0.49-1.20
Tendons
Woodley et al.
Pain on Resisted
Pathology of the
2008 [7]
Tests of Both the
Gluteus Medius
Gluteus Medius
or Gluteus
MRI
0.88
0.43
7
and Gluteus
Minimus
Minimus Muscle
Tendons
Woodley et al.
Trendelenburg
Pathology of the
2008 [7]
Sign
Gluteus Medius
MRI
0.20
1.00
0.10-0.20
0.78-1.00
3/15
7/7
1.00
0.95
0.86-1.00
0.89-0.95
16/16
37/39
1.00
0.71
0.45-1.00
0.68-0.71
3/3
37/52
1.00
0.93
1.00
0.37
or Gluteus
3.50a
0.83a
0.39 –
0.76 –
37.07a
1.24a
15.53a
0.03a
6.68 –
0.00 –
19.42a
0.20a
2.99a
0.18a
1.26 -
0.02 -
3.47a
0.88a
11.35a
0.03a
Minimus
Tendons
Lequesne et al.
Pain on Single-
Anterior Gluteus
2008 [8]
Leg Stance
Medius Tendon
Within 30
Tear
MRI
0.89
1.00
Seconds
Lequesne et al.
Pain on Single-
Gluteus
2008 [8]
Leg Stance
Minimus Tendon
Within 30
Tear
MRI
0.17
1.00
Seconds
Lequesne et al.
Pain on Single-
Tendinitis of the
MRI
0.83
1.00
8
2008 [8]
Leg Stance
Anterior Gluteus
Within 30
Medius and/or
Seconds
Gluteus
0.85-1.00
0.87-0.93
15/15
37/40
1.00
0.95
0.89-0.95
0.77-0.89
16/16
37/39
5.52 –
0.00 –
13.38a
0.22a
15.53a
0.03a
6.68 –
0.00 –
19.42a
0.20a
0.73
2.20
0.56-1.07
0.86-6.07
Minimus
Tendons
Lequesne et al.
Pain on Single-
Bursitis of the
2008 [8]
Leg Stance
Trochanteric,
Within 30
Sub-Gluteus
Seconds
Medius and/or
MRI
0.89
1.00
sub-Gluteus
Minimus Bursae
Intra-articular Hip Pathology:
Martin et al.
2008 [9]
FABER Test
Intra-articular
Diagnostic /
0.60
0.18
Hip Pathology
Therapeutic
0.51-0.72
0.08-0.32
0.45
0.29
9
Intra-articular
15/25
4/22
0.59
0.32
0.45-0.74
0.21-0.44
13/22
9/28
0.78
0.10
0.73-0.87
0.03-0.22
21/27
2/21
Hip Injection
Maslowski et
FABER Test
al. 2010 [10]
Intra-articular
Diagnostic /
Hip Pathology
Therapeutic
0.41
0.50
0.87
1.27
0.57-1.30
0.61-2.61
0.86
2.33
0.75-1.11
0.60-9.78
1.11
0.51
0.89-1.26
0.12-2.08
0.87
1.27
Intra-articular
Hip Injectionc
Martin et al.
Impingement
Intra-articular
Diagnostic /
2008 [9]
Test
Hip Pathology
Therapeutic
Intra-articular
Hip Injection
Maslowski et
Impingement
Intra-articular
Diagnostic /
0.91
0.18
al. 2010 [10]
Test (Internal
Hip Pathology
Therapeutic
0.80-0.97
0.10-0.23
20/22
5/28
0.68
0.32
Rotation Over
Pressure )
Stinchfield
0.47
0.25
0.71
Intra-articular
e
Maslowski et
0.53
Hip Injection
Intra-articular
Diagnostic /
c
0.41
0.50
10
al. 2010 [10]
Maneuvre
Hip Pathology
Therapeutic
Intra-articular
0.54-0.82
0.21-0.43
15/22
9/28
0.69-1.42
0.43-2.18
2.63
0.53
1.25-6.59
0.43-0.81
2.34
0.73
0.94-6.92
0.62-1.04
Hip Injectionc
Other Pathologies:
Brown et al.
Pain on Internal
Pathology Local
Radiography for
0.58
0.78
2004 [11]
Rotation
to the Hip
Hips; and MRI or
0.54-0.62
0.57-0.91
45/77
14/18
0.39
0.83
0.34-0.42
0.63-0.94
30/77
15/18
0.92
0.30
Radiography for
the Spine
Brown et al.
2004 [11]
Antalgic Gait
Pathology Local
Radiography for
to the Hip
Hips; and MRI or
0.91
0.24
Radiography for
the Spine
11
Brown et al.
List
2004 [11]
Pathology Local
Radiography for
to the Hip
Hips; and MRI or
0.08
0.83
0.04-0.10
0.69-0.94
6/77
15/18
0.29
0.94
0.25-0.30
0.77-0.99
22/77
17/18
0.67
1.00
0.57-0.67
0.85-1.00
16/24
16/16
0.67
0.17
0.47
1.11
0.14-1.64
0.96-1.39
5.14
0.76
1.06-
0.71-0.98
Radiography for
the Spine
Brown et al.
Testing for
Pathology Local
Radiography for
2004 [11]
Fixed Flexion
to the Hip
Hips; and MRI or
Cantini et al.
2005 [12]
Contraction of
Radiography for
the Hipd
the Spine
FABER Test
Hip Synovitis
MRI
0.96
0.24
29.78
1.00
0.67
22.44a
0.35a
3.01 -
0.32 –
218.51a
0.55a
12
Cantini et al.
Lateral Hip Pain
Inflammation of
2005 [12]
on External
the Trochanteric
Rotation and
Bursa
MRI
0.97
1.00
0.94-0.97
0.39-1
37/38
2/2
1.00
0.48
0.84-1.00
0.38-0.48
15/15
12/25
0.00
0.99
0.00-0.13
0.99-0.99
0/16
326/331
0.19
0.92
0.07-0.41
0.91-0.93
3/16
303/331
1.00
0.67
Abduction
Cantini et al.
Pain Aggravated
Inflammation of
2005 [12]
by Extension,
the Iliopsoas
Relieved by
Bursa
MRI
0.54
1.00
5.77a
0.05a
1.42 –
0.03 –
52.85a
0.22a
1.87a
0.07a
1.30 –
0.01 –
1.99a
0.51a
1.78a
0.99a
0.17 –
0.85 –
16.68a
1.02a
2.22
0.89
0.74-5.56
0.64-1.03
Flexion
Joe et al. 2002
Passive Flexion
Asymptomatic
[13]
ROM < 100o.
AVN of the
Patient Supine.
Femoral Head
Joe et al. 2002
Passive
Asymptomatic
[13]
Extension ROM
AVN of the
< 15o. Patient
Femoral Head
MRI
MRI
0.00
0.10
0.95
0.96
Supine.
13
Joe et al. 2002
Passive
Asymptomatic
[13]
Adduction ROM
AVN of the
< 20o. Patient
Femoral Head
MRI
0.00
0.95
0-0.17
0.95-0.96
0/16
314/331
0.31
0.86
0.14-0.55
0.85-0.87
5/16
283/331
0.50
0.67
0.28-0.72
0.66-0.68
8/16
223/331
0.38
0.73
0.19-0.61
0.72-0.74
6/16
240/331
0.00
0.95
0.56a
1.02a
0.06 –
0.83 –
4.68a
1.05a
2.15
0.80
0.94-4.07
0.53-1.01
1.53
0.74
0.84-2.27
0.42-1.08
1.36
0.86
0.66-2.30
0.53-1.14
Supine.
Joe et al. 2002
Passive
Asymptomatic
[13]
Abduction ROM
AVN of the
< 45o. Patient
Femoral Head
MRI
0.09
0.96
Supine.
Joe et al. 2002
Passive Internal
Asymptomatic
[13]
Rotation ROM <
AVN of the
15o. Patient
Femoral Head
MRI
0.07
0.97
Supine.
Joe et al. 2002
Passive External
Asymptomatic
[13]
Rotation ROM <
AVN of the
60o. Patient
Femoral Head
MRI
0.06
0.96
Supine.
14
Joe et al. 2002
Any Abnormal
Asymptomatic
[13]
ROM Test in the
AVN of the
6 Planes
Femoral Head
MRI
0.69
0.46
0.45-0.86
0.45-0.47
11/16
153/331
0.00
0.97
0-0.15
0.97-0.98
0/16
322/331
0.00
0.99
0-0.08
0.99-1
0/16
329/331
0.00
0.98
0-0.14
0.98-0.99
0/16
324/331
0.06
0.97
1.28
0.68
0.82-1.62
0.30-1.22
1.03a
1.00a
0.10 –
0.83 –
9.09a
1.03a
3.91a
0.98a
0.35 –
0.88 –
41.89a
1.01a
1.30a
0.99a
0.13 –
0.84 –
11.82a
1.02a
Described
Above. Patient
Supine.
Joe et al. 2002
Pain on Passive
Asymptomatic
[13]
Flexion. Patient
AVN of the
Supine.
Femoral Head
Joe et al. 2002
Pain on Passive
Asymptomatic
[13]
Extension.
AVN of the
Patient Supine.
Femoral Head
Joe et al. 2002
Pain on Passive
Asymptomatic
[13]
Adduction.
AVN of the
Patient Supine.
Femoral Head
MRI
MRI
MRI
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.95
0.95
0.95
15
Joe et al. 2002
Pain on Passive
Asymptomatic
[13]
Abduction.
AVN of the
Patient Supine.
Femoral Head
Joe et al. 2002
Pain on Passive
Asymptomatic
[13]
Internal
AVN of the
Rotation. Patient
Femoral Head
MRI
MRI
0.00
0.97
0-0.16
0.97-0.98
0/16
321/331
0.1250
0.86
0.04-0.35
0.86-0.88
2/16
286/331
0.00
0.91
0-0.18
0.91-0.92
0/16
301/331
0.13
0.71
0.04-0.35
0.70-0.72
2/16
234/331
0.00
0.04
0.95
0.95
0.93a
1.00a
0.09 –
0.83 –
8.14a
1.03a
0.92
1.01
0.25-2.78
0.75-1.12
0.32a
1.07a
0.03 –
0.86 –
2.60a
1.10a
0.43
1.24
0.12-1.25
0.90-1.37
Supine.
Joe et al. 2002
Pain on Passive
Asymptomatic
[13]
External
AVN of the
Rotation. Patient
Femoral Head
MRI
0.00
0.95
Supine.
Joe et al. 2002
Pain on Any
Asymptomatic
[13]
Passive Motion
AVN of the
Test in the 6
Femoral Head
MRI
0.02
0.94
Planes Described
Above. Patient
16
Supine.
Joe et al. 2002
Pain Complexf
Asymptomatic
MRI
AVN of the
[13]
0.25
0.71
0.10-0.49
0.70-0.72
4/16
235/331
0.88
0.34
0.65-0.97
0.33-0.35
14/16
113/331
0.00
0.79
0.00-0.60
0.79-0.87
0/2
11/14
0.07
0.98
0.02-0.18
0.98-0.98
2/30
675/ 690
0.00
0.98
0.04
0.95
0.86
1.06
0.35-1.75
0.71-1.28
1.33
0.37
0.97-1.48
0.10-1.07
0.71a
1.09a
0.07 –
0.43 –
4.49a
1.33a
3.07
0.95
0.79-
0.83-1.01
Femoral Head
Joe et al. 2002
Exam Complex h
Asymptomatic
MRI
AVN of the
[13]
0.06
0.98
Femoral Head
Robb et al.
Impingement
Acetabular
2009 [14]
Test
Retroversion
Röder et al.
Flexion ROM <
Uncemented
2003 [15]
70o
Acetabular Cup
Radiography
Radiography
0.00
0.12
0.85
0.96
Loosening
Röder et al.
Flexion ROM <
Uncemented
Radiography
11.05
0.00
0.98
0.83a
1.00a
17
2003 [15]
70o
Acetabular Cup
Loosening
Röder et al.
Flexion ROM <
Cemented
2003 [15]
70o
Acetabular Cup
Radiography
0.00-0.10
0.98-0.99
0/33
1641/ 1670
0.00
0.96
0.00-0.34
0.96-0.96
0/7
712/ 745
0.08
0.94
0.04-0.16
0.94-0.95
5/61
410/ 435
0.14
0.97
0.05-0.31
0.96-0.98
3/21
428/ 442
0.15
0.99
0.05-0.22
0.99-1.00
0.00
0.99
Loosening
Röder et al.
Flexion ROM <
Cemented
2003 [15]
70o
Acetabular Cup
Radiography
0.17
0.88
0.09 –
0.90 –
7.41a
1.02a
1.39a
0.98a
0.14 –
0.64 –
9.43a
1.04a
1.43
0.97
0.57-3.41
0.88-1.03
4.51
0.89
1.43-
0.71-0.98
Loosening
Röder et al.
Flexion ROM <
Uncemented
2003 [15]
70o
Femoral Stem
Radiography
Loosening
Röder et al.
Flexion ROM <
Uncemented
2003 [15]
70o
Femoral Stem
Radiography
0.18
0.96
12.90
0.67
0.94
25.69
0.85
3.48-
0.78-0.96
18
Loosening
Röder et al.
Flexion ROM <
Cemented
2003 [15]
70o
Femoral Stem
Radiography
Loosening
Röder et al.
Flexion ROM <
Cemented
2003 [15]
70o
Femoral Stem
Radiography
2/13
166/ 167
0.03
0.95
0.01-0.08
0.95-0.95
2/80
1819/ 1912
0.07
0.96
0.04-0.11
0.96-0.97
9/138
863/ 898
0.55
1.00
0.53-0.55
0.98-1.00
193.36
0.04
0.20
0.96
0.87
0.51
1.03
0.14-1.81
0.96-1.05
1.67
0.97
0.83-3.33
0.92-1.01
155.00a
0.45a
17.25 –
0.45 –
1490.98a
0.49a
Loosening
Zeren et al.
Active Range of
Biceps Femoris
2006 [16]
Motion Test
Muscle-Strain
(Pain on Active
Injuries
Hip Extension
Ultrasonography
with an
77/ 140
1.00
0.69
140/ 140
Extended Knee;
Active Pain on
Knee Flexion)
19
Zeren et al.
Passive Range of
Biceps Femoris
2006 [16]
Motion Test
Muscle-Strain
(Pain on Passive
Injuries
Ultrasonography
0.57
1.00
0.55-0.57
0.98-1.00
80/ 140
140/ 140
0.61
1.00
0.58-0.61
0.98-1.00
1.00
0.70
161.00a
0.43a
17.96 –
0.43 –
1548.37a
0.47a
171.00a
0.40a
19.16 –
0.39 –
1643.85a
0.43a
Hip Flexion;
Pain on Passive
Knee Extension)
Zeren et al.
Resisted Range
Biceps Femoris
2006 [16]
of Motion Tests
Muscle-Strain
(Pain on
Injuries
Ultrasonography
Resisted Hip
Extension with
85/ 140
1.00
0.72
140/ 140
an Extended
Knee, Pain on
Resisted Hip
Rotation in the
Neural Position;
Pain on Knee
20
Flexion)
Zeren et al.
Taking Off the
Biceps Femoris
2006 [16]
Shoe Test
Muscle-Strain
Ultrasonography
1.00
1.00
0.99-1.00
0.99-1.00
Injuries
140/ 140
1.00
1.00
281.00a
0.00a
49.48 –
0.00 –
1595.80a
0.02a
140/ 140
Table Legend:
Positive Predictive Value (PPV), Negative Predictive Value (NPV), Positive Likelihood Ratio (+LR), Negative Likelihood Ratio (-LR), 95%
Confidence Interval (95%CI), True Positives (TP), False Positives (FP), True Negatives (TN), False Negatives (FN), Range of Motion (ROM).
All values rounded to 2 decimal places.
b
Klässbo & Harms-Ringdahl [4] reported multiple thresholds for a positive index test result. We elected to use the definition based on the mean
for symptom-free hips in their study.
21
c
Maslowski et al [10] measured pain relief following intra-articular hip injection using two separate methods, one involving a visual analog scale
and the other based on patient estimation. Our data is based on the measurement using the visual analog scale.
d
The patient lies supine. The testing knee and hip are flexed as far as possible. The contralateral hip is observed for an inability to extend flat.
e
Original test description
f
Pain complex was defined as: pain on any passive motion test in 6 planes; or pain on provocative tests including Patrick's test, Thomas test,
Ober's test, straight leg raise, axial loading maneuver, femoral head compression test and distraction in the supine position with leg extended; or
single leg stand for 2 minutes or single leg hip for 10-20 repetitions
g
Used reliability precautions described by Stratford et al [17] and Gajdosik and Bohannon [18].
h
Exam complex was defined as: restricted passive range of motion in any of 6 planes (flexion < 100o, extension < 15o, adduction < 20o,
abduction < 45o, internal rotation <15o or external rotation < 60o) or pain complex, which was defined as: pain on any passive motion test in 6
planes; or pain on provocative tests including Patrick's test, Thomas test, Ober's test, straight leg raise, axial loading maneuver, femoral head
compression test and distraction in the supine position with leg extended; or single leg stand for 2 minutes or single leg hip for 10-20 repetitions
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