Chapter 11 LESSON 1 Notes:
The Islamic Civilization
Prologue:
Which
animal was
capable of
making
long treks
across dry
desert
terrain?
Warfare between the Byzantine and Persian Empires interrupted
overland trade routes from East Asia.
Trade in spices, silk from
China, and cotton from
India shifted from overland trade routes to sea routes connecting India
with Arabia and the
Red Sea. Overland caravans carried goods up the western coast of the
Arabian Peninsula. Cities and towns developed near water
wells along these caravan routes.
Where is the Arabian
Peninsula?
Which city is the
“Pearl of the
Mediterranean?”
Alexandria, Egypt
Where is Alexandria?
Where is the
Bosporus Strait?
Where is the Red Sea?
Once the Muslims conquer the
Byzantine Empire, what do they
re-name Constantinople?
Istanbul
Where is Constantinople / Istanbul?
What is the name of the
city on the Bosporus
that was established as
the capital of the
Byzantine Empire?
Constantinople
I.
Muhammad (570 – 632) and his beliefs
A. Founded Islam (the 3rd monotheistic world
religion) born in Mecca [a city along one of the many
trade routes] (Makkah) in (Saudi) Arabia
B. Occupation: a trade route caravan leader who
worked for his older wife
C. Experiences a revelation (vision) of Angel Gabriel
to become the prophet (messenger) of the one
supreme God, Allah
1. Islam – “submission to the will of God”
2. Muslims
a.
followers of Islam
b.
“One who submits to the will of God”
D.
Muhammad is forced to move to Medina
(Madinah), later to be nicknamed the “city of the
prophet”
1. His flight from Mecca to Medina becomes
known as the Hegira (Hijra) (emigration);
he flees when Meccan merchants threaten
his life
2. Muhammad teaches for 8 yrs. in Medina until
he returns to Mecca
3. Mecca surrenders to Muhammad peacefully
4. Muhammad dies in 632; the Dome of the
Rock in Jerusalem marks his ascension to
Heaven
E.
F.
Muhammad’s teachings found in the
Quran (“recital”), Islam’s holy book
or scripture
Jews and Christians are considered
“People of the Book”
G.
The Five Pillars (Obligations) of Islam
1. daily confession of faith by which all
Muslims are equal
2. daily prayer, facing Mecca, “city and
house of God built by Abraham”
3. giving to the poor (alms)
4. fasting during the holy month of
Ramadan when the Quran was 1st
revealed
5. to travel on a hajj (pilgrimage) to Mecca
at least once in a lifetime; to circle the
Kaaba (most sacred site of Islam)
H.
Caliphs as Muhammad’s successors
after his death
1. Sunnis (traditional Muslims) elect
leader from most worthy
2. Shi’ites (vocal minority) support
Muhammad’s descendants as leaders
II. Contributions by the Islamic civilization
during its Golden Age
A. adopted Arabic numerals
B. invented algebra
C. developed trigonometry
D. advances in astronomy, geography,
chemistry, medicine
E.
founded the science of optics (the study
of light and its effect on sight)
F. built temples called mosques
G. Islamic cities such as Alexandria, Egypt,
Cordoba, Spain, and Baghdad (“Jewel of
Islam”) in Iraq flourished with art,
literature, and education
H. Arab doctors discovered that blood moves to
and from the heart; they diagnosed many
diseases including measles
III.
Reasons for Islamic Conquests
A. to spread the Islamic religion by
jihad (holy war; “personal struggle”)
B. to lessen overpopulation on
Arabian Peninsula
C. Byzantine and Persian Empires
just too weak to resist invasions
IV.
Islamic expansion at its height
A. part of the Iberian Peninsula and the
strait of Gibraltar
B.
most of North Africa (including land of
the Carthaginians)
C.
Egypt (“Kemet”)
D. region called Palestine (birthplace of
Jesus)
E.
Persian Empire and the Middle East
F.
part of India
G.
all of Arabia
V. Islamic history in timeline
570…. Muhammad is born
622…. The Hegira occurs
630…. Mecca surrenders to Muhammad
632…. Muhammad dies
640…. Muslims begin conquests in Asia/N. Africa
711…. Muslims conquer part of Iberian Peninsula
750…. Islamic Golden Age begins
1200… Islamic Golden Age ends; Christian
Crusades (holy wars) fail
1258…. Mongols capture Baghdad
1492…. last Islamic king in Spain surrenders
to Catholic monarchs Ferdinand & Isabella
1683…. Muslims in Algeria, S. Russia, E. Europe are
united under Ottoman Empire’s Turks
1798…. European kings colonize Islamic lands
1919…. Ottoman Empire dissolves into the state
of Turkey following its loss in WWI
1940…. Arab Muslim states become independent
1948…. the United Nations (to compensate Jews
for loss in the WWII Holocaust) carves out
the state of Israel from Arab lands
(Jerusalem as capital; holy city to Jews,
Christians, & Muslims); resentment by
Arabs Muslims
1962…. European colonial period ends
PresentDay…. conflicts continue between Jews/Arabs
over lands in the Middle East
Pearl of the Mediterranean
Phoenician city that lost all three Punic Wars to Rome
Iberian state conquered by the Muslims
Most holy city to Jews and Christians; holy to Muslims for Dome of the Rock
Most holy city to Muslims
Sinai Peninsula
Modern capital of Iraq;
1st classical civilization;
1st city Muhammad converted to Islam
2nd classical civilization