Information Technology Project
Management, Seventh Edition
Note: See the text itself for full citations.
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Describe the systems view (整體性的看法)of project
management and how it applies to information technology (IT)
projects
Understand organizations, including the four frames架構,
organizational structures組織架構, and organizational culture組
織文化
Explain why stakeholder利害關係人/利益相关者management
and top management commitment承諾/承诺are critical for a
project’s success
Understand the concept of a project phase專案階段 and the
project life cycle專案生命週期, and distinguish between project
development and product development
Discuss the unique attributes and diverse nature of IT projects
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Projects must operate in a broad organizational
environment操作在廣泛的組織環境中
Project managers need to use systems thinking
全面性的思考:
◦ taking a holistic view採取全面的看法of carrying out
projects進行專案 within the context of the organization
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Senior managers must make sure projects
continue to support current business needs支援當
前的業務需求
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A systems approach系統方法emerged in the
1950s to describe a more analytical分析approach to
management and problem solving
Systems are sets of interacting components相互作
用成份that work within an environment to fulfill
some purpose.
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Management, Seventh Edition
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Human Organ Systems
Source: http://anatomyandphysiologyi.com/wpcontent/uploads/2013/05/organsystem.jpg
Circulatory -血循環
Integumentary外皮系統外皮系統
Skeletal骨架
Endocrine內分泌
Prepared by: Celeste Ng 2016
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Three parts include:
◦ Systems philosophy理念: an overall model for thinking
about things as systems
◦ Systems analysis: problem-solving approach問題解決的
方式-requires defining the scope of the system, dividing
it into components, and then identifying and evaluating its
problems…then examines alternative solutions…
examine solution against the entire system
◦ Systems management: address business, technological
技術性, and organizational issues before making
changes to systems
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• Organizational charts
組織結構圖
• Providing harmony
提供調和
• Political 政治上
• Coalitions 聯盟
• Conflict 衝突
• Power 權力
• Symbolic象徵
• Traditions傳統
• Coordination 協同
• Harmony和諧
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3 basic organization structures
◦ Functional功能性: functional managers職能部
門經理report to the CEO執行官
◦ Project專案: program計劃managers report to
the CEO
◦ Matrix: middle ground中間地帶between
functional and project structures; personnel
often report to two or more bosses; structure
can be weak, balanced, or strong matrix
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Vice president副總裁
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Authority權威
Full-time全職
Project
coordinator
專案協調員
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Organizational culture is a set of shared共享
assumptions, values, and behaviors that
characterize the functioning運作 of an
organization
Many experts believe the underlying causes of
many companies’ problems are not the structure
or staff, but the culture
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Organizational Culture Examples –
Twitter
(source: http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/249174)
Prepared by: Celeste Ng 2016
Organizational Culture Examples – Google
(source: http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/249174)
Prepared by: Celeste Ng 2016
Organizational Culture Examples –
Facebook
(source: http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/249174)
Prepared by: Celeste Ng 2016
Organizational Culture Examples – Adobe
(source: http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/249174)
Prepared by: Celeste Ng 2016
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Member identity*成員身分
◦ Employee identity with the organization as a whole
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Group emphasis*強調小組
◦ Work activities are organized around groups
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People focus關注在人
◦ Management’s decisions take into account the effect of
outcomes on people
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Unit integration*
◦ The degree to which departments within an organization are
encouraged to coordinate with each other
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Control
Information Technology Project
Management, Seventh Edition
*Project work is most successful in an organizational culture
where these items are strong/high and other items are balanced.
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Risk tolerance*風險容忍
Reward criteria*獎勵標準
Conflict tolerance*衝突容忍
Means-ends orientation目標導向
◦ The degree to which management focuses on outcomes rather
than on techniques and processes.
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Open-systems focus*開放系統導向
◦ The degree to which the organization monitors and responds to
changes in the external environment
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Project managers must take time to identify確認,
understand, and manage relationships with all
project stakeholders專案利害關係人
Using the four frames of organizations四個角度來
看can help meet stakeholder needs and
expectations需求和期望
Senior executives/top management are very
important stakeholders
See Chapter 13, Project Stakeholder
Management, for more information
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People in top management positions高級管理層are
key stakeholders in projects
A very important factor in helping project managers
successfully lead projects is the level of commitment
承諾and support they receive from top management
Without top management commitment, many projects
will fail.
Some projects have a senior manager called a
champion擁護者who acts as a key proponent重要的
支持者for a project.
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Providing adequate resources
Approving unique project needs審核專案需要in a
timely manner
Getting cooperation合作 from other parts of the
organization
Mentoring and coaching指導和輔導on leadership
issues
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If the organization has a negative attitude負/消極
態度 toward IT, it will be difficult for an IT project to
succeed
Having a Chief Information Officer資訊長(CIO) at
a high level in the organization helps IT projects
Assigning指派 non-IT people to IT projects also
encourage more commitment
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Standards and guidelines準則help project
managers be more effective有效
Senior management can encourage
◦ the use of standard forms and software標準的表單和軟體
for project management
◦ the development and use of guidelines指導方針for writing
project plans or providing status information
◦ the creation of a project management office專案管理中心
or center of excellence
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A project life cycle專案生命週期 is a collection of
集合project phases階段that defines
◦ what work will be performed in each phase
◦ what deliverables可以做得到的事 will be produced and
when
◦ who is involved in each phase, and
◦ how management will control and approve work
produced in each phase
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A deliverable可交付成果is a product or service
produced or provided as part of a project
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In early phases(初期) of a project life cycle
◦ resource needs are usually lowest
◦ the level of uncertainty不確定性 (risk) is highest
◦ project stakeholders have the greatest opportunity to
influence the project 影響項目
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In middle phases(中期) of a project life cycle
◦ the certainty of completing a project improves
◦ more resources are needed
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The final phase(晚期) of a project life cycle
focuses on
◦ ensuring that project requirements were met
◦ the sponsor approves completion of the project主辦單位
批准專案完成
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Project feasibility專案可行性
Project acquisition取得專案
close-out終止
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Products also have life cycles
The Systems Development Life Cycle系統開發
生命週期(SDLC) is a framework for describing the
phases involved in developing and maintaining開
發和維護 information systems
Systems development projects can follow
◦ Predictive life cycle預測生命週期: the scope of the
project can be clearly articulated表達 and the schedule
and cost can be predicted
◦ Adaptive Software Development自適應軟體開發 (ASD)
life cycle: requirements cannot be clearly expressed,
projects are mission driven and component based, using
time-based cycles to meet target dates
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Waterfall model瀑布式開發流程: has well-defined,
linear stages of systems development and support
Spiral model螺旋模型: shows that software is
developed using an iterative or spiral approach
rather than a linear approach
Incremental build model漸進式開發模型: provides
for progressive development of operational
software
Prototyping model雛型模式: used for developing
prototypes to clarify user requirements
Rapid Application Development (RAD) model:
used to produce systems quickly without
sacrificing quality
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A project should successfully pass through each of
the project phases in order to continue on to the
next
Management reviews管理評審, also called phase
exits階段結束or kill points, should occur after
each phase to evaluate the project’s progress,
likely success, and continued compatibility持續相
容性with organizational goals
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Project characteristics: IT projects can be very
diverse in terms of size, complexity, products
produced, application area應用範圍, and resource
requirements
Team member: IT project team members often
have diverse backgrounds and skill sets技術
Technology: IT projects use diverse technologies
不同技術 that change rapidly. Even within one
technology area, people must be highly
specialized
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Globalization全球化
Outsourcing: Outsourcing 委外 is when an
organization acquires goods and/or sources from
an outside source外部來源. Offshoring境外外包
is sometimes used to describe outsourcing from
another country國家
Virtual teams: A virtual team虛擬組織 is a group
of individuals who work across time and space
using communication technologies通訊技術
Agile project management敏捷式專案管理
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Issues
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Communications
Trust
Common work practices常見的工作流程
Tools
Suggestions
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Employ greater project discipline的紀律
Think global全球化思考but act local當地的行動
Keep project momentum going讓專案持續進行
Use newer tools and technology
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Project managers need to take a systems approach
when working on projects
Organizations have four different frames: structural,
human resources, political, and symbolic
The structure and culture of an organization have
strong implications for project managers
Projects should successfully pass through each phase
of the project life cycle
Project managers need to consider several factors due
to the unique context of information technology
projects
Recent trends affecting IT project management include
globalization, outsourcing, virtual teams, and Agile
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