Turning Janitor fish of Candaba
from Pest into Biodiesel
A
Research Proposal
Presented to
The Faculty of the Industrial Engineering Department
Holy Angel University
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the subject
Introduction to Methods of Research
By
Lopez, Angelique Y.
Ramoneda, Leanne Ermine G.
Samson, Kenneth Bryan C.
October 14, 2010
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter
Title
1
Page
INTRODUCTION
2
1.1
Background of the Study .....................................................
4
1.2
Statement of the problem .....................................................
6
1.3
Objectives of the study.........................................................
6
1.4
Scope of the study ................................................................
7
1.5
Limitations of the study .......................................................
7
1.6
Significance of the study…………………………………... 8
1.7
Definitions of terms ……………………………………….. 9
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1
Biofuel……………………………………………………….12
2.2
Biodiesel from plants……. ................................................... 16
2.3
3
2.2.1
Jatropha…………………………………….. .......... 16
2.2.2
Sweet sorghum…………………………………..… 16
2.2.3
Sweet potato and cassava ..…………………………17
2.2.4
Algae………………………………………………. 18
Janitor fish conversion into biodiesel ................................... 18
METHODOLOGY
3.1
Conceptual Framework………………………………….......21
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3.2
3.3
Research Design…………………...………………………... 23
3.2.1
Data Gathering…………..…………………………...23
3.2.2
Data Analysis………………………………………...26
3.2.3
Experimentation….…………………………………..27
Instrumentation…………..…………………………………..28
APPENDICES
REFERENCES
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Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1.
Background of the Study
Pampanga is the largest aquaculture or mariculture area in Region 3 with an area of
16,491.068 hectares. The second and fourth districts produce 80 percent of the fish in the
province, divided as follows: brackish water aquaculture produces tilapia, bangus, sugpo
and alimango from the towns of Macabebe, Masantol, Minalin, Sto. Tomas, and Guagua;
freshwater development zone includes the towns of San Luis, Candaba, Sta. Ana, San
Simon and Arayat which produce tilapia, freshwater shrimp (ulang), wild hito and dalag
(BFAR, 2005).
The Candaba swamp, which is one of the biggest aquaculture areas in Pampanga, is a
natural ecosystem fishpond which is filled with floodwaters during rainy season carrying
wild tilapia, dalag and hito. Since Pampanga is a flood-prone province, especially
Candaba which is the catch basin, it has consistently lost millions of pesos from this.
In the past few years, floodwaters not only carry freshwater fishes but, also, one of the
problems of the fishpond operators nowadays in the province, the janitor fish.
Janitor fish are nocturnal, freshwater, tropical fish that assiduously clean the aquarium or
the aquatic environment by eating the algae. Its sucker-like mouth allows it to adhere to a
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surface, as well as to hold and rasp at food. In their natural habitat, this species feeds on
algae, aquatic weeds and other plant matter and small crustaceans. Today, they compete
with the other freshwater fishes for food, like feeds in the fishpond. It turns out the
natural ecosystem of the swamp is being destroyed by the janitor fish because they
multiply rapidly than the other fish. It leads to the occupation of almost the whole area
(Philippine Daily Inquirer, 2005).
There are recent studies that janitor fish can be useful to the community. Janitor fish is a
marine species and contains oil in their body. According to the feasibility study of the
Sustainable Community Enterprises (2007), fish oil has high essential fatty acids.
Because of its richness in oil, the researchers wanted to study in producing biodiesel out
of the janitor fish oil.
Due to its clean emissions profile, ease of use, and many other benefits, biodiesel is
quickly becoming one of the fastest growing alternative sources of energy in the world.
With minimal subsidy, biodiesel is cost-competitive with petroleum diesel, and millions
of users have found and enjoyed the benefits of the fuel. The future of biodiesel lies in the
world’s ability to produce renewable feedstock such as vegetable oils and fats to keep the
cost of biodiesel competitive with petroleum, without supplanting land necessary for food
production, or destroying natural ecosystems in the process. Creating biodiesel in a
sustainable manner will allow this clean, renewable, and cost effective fuel to help ease
the world through increasing shortages of petroleum, while providing economic and
environmental benefits well into the 21st century (Biofuels Philippines, 2007).
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In the Philippines, there are a lot of studies regarding about biodiesel from plants and
animals such as jatropha, malunggay, coconut, etc. Because of these studies that have
been conducted, the researchers wanted to use the concept of making janitor fish a source
of biodiesel, another alternative source of energy.
1.2.
Statement of the Problem
The fishery industry of Pampanga is facing a problem regarding janitor fish. The research
would like to consider the so-called pest as a source of biodiesel, an alternative source of
energy.
1.3.
Objectives of the Study
1.3.1. General Objectives
The study aims to develop a way that will help the community of Candaba,
Pampanga, which holds the largest number of area in hectares of aquaculture or
mariculture in terms of fishpond-freshwater, regarding on one of the considered pests
in the fresh water, the janitor fish. This study includes the feasibility in maximizing
the benefits that can be produced out of the so-called pest.
1.3.2. Specific Objectives
The specific objectives of the study are the following:

To make a survey report on the availability of janitor fish in the freshwater
fishpond of Pampanga, specifically in Candaba. That may also serve as primary
Turning Janitor fish of Candaba from pest into biodiesel
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data that may assist the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources and others in
collecting sample survey report. This can be used as primary data in formulating
the population of janitor fish in Candaba.

1.4.
To determine the availability of janitor fish for commercial production.
Scope of the Study
The study includes the gathering of data to determine the availability of janitor fish in
Candaba since it holds the largest fishpond-freshwater of Pampanga.
1.5.
Limitations of the Study
Janitor fish does multiply in a small span of time, because of this reason; they are a threat
on unbalancing our ecosystem. Janitor fishes compete for food with the native catfish,
carp, mudfish, tarpons, mullets, tilapia and other fish species. They also compete with
bivalves and gastropods for food. Because of this aspects of the nature of janitor fishes,
owners not only of fishpond-freshwater but also of agencies protecting the lake and other
small scale aquatic body does consider janitor fish as a pest. The mentioned below are the
constraints that the group encountered:

The area of availability and its seasonal factors.

This research proposal does only concern Candaba at the moment for the group
considered only the largest area of Pampanga for the gathering of data. It holds
the largest number of fishpond-freshwater of Pampanga.
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
Base on the yield production from extraction of oil from the janitor fish to
converting it to biodiesel. This conversion will test the efficiency of the
production.

Small-scale dehydration of ethanol for biodiesel production. Transesterification,
the chemical process most often employed to produce biodiesel, requires 20
percent alcohol, for which methanol is normally used. In isolated areas, however,
it is highly problematic, costly and risky to obtain and transport methanol,
although ethanol can be obtained, mainly from cane cultivation. The problem is
that the ethanol required for biodiesel production must be of more than 99.5º
purity. This level is difficult to attain because of the azeotropic mixture of water
with alcohol above 96°, and is normally achieved using industrial-scale processes
which involve costly equipment and infrastructure. During the research work, a
number of different types of absorbent were employed as molecular sieves,
ranging from maize cobs to various chemical substances. After several months of
research 99.5º ethanol were produced, this gave a yield of more than 80% in
biodiesel production.
1.6.
Significance of the Study
The study aims to help the fishery industry of Candaba, Pampanga by converting the
janitor fish into biodiesel, an alternative source of energy. Biodiesel has a lot of potential
benefits as the following:

It heelps the Candaba economy. By causing significant fuel savings, biodiesel
from janitor fish will save Candaba millions of pesos that normally goes to
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petroleum diesel. By mitigating pollution and lowering emissions, biodiesel came
from janitor fish will help the municipality of Candaba save money that it spends
yearly on pollution-related health disorders while contributing significantly to
slowing down climate change.

Restores the ecological balance of the Candaba swamp where the other fishes and
migratory birds live.

It eliminates harmful gases and smoke emissions. Because of its high cetane
number and oxygen content, a more complete and faster rate of combustion of the
fuel is achieved. This not only drastically reduces the formation of harmful gases
and black smoke; it causes, also, significant fuel savings. Black smoke is actually
unexpended energy in the form of partially burnt fuel. Thanks to a B1 blend, fuel
undergoes more complete burning and is converted to greater power and mileage
efficiency. Furthermore, better acceleration response is achieved providing
motorists with full driving satisfaction.

It helps fight against global warming and climate change. Every liter of biodiesel
consumed generates reduction of 3 kilograms of CO2. Furthermore, being a
saturated biodiesel, emission of oxides of Nitrogen is substantially reduced. CO2
and N2O are greenhouse gases (GHG) that are significant contributors to global
warming.
1.7.
Definition of terms
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Azeotropic mixture - a mixture of two or more liquids in such a ratio that its
composition cannot be changed by simple distillation. This occurs when an azeotrope is
boiled, resulting vapor with the same ratio of constituents as the original mixture.
Biodiesel - refers to a vegetable oil- or animal fat-based diesel fuel consisting of longchain alkyl(methyl, propyl or ethyl) esters.
It
is
typically
made
by
chemically
reacting lipids (e.g.,vegetable oil, animal fat (tallow)) with an alcohol.
Candaba - (formerly Candawe) is a first class municipality in the province of Pampanga.
According to the latest census, it has a population of 96,589 people in 15,541 households.
It represents the lowest point in Central Luzon. It is noted for its wide and scenic
swamps, the habitat of mudfish and catfish.
Candaba swamp - is one of the primary wetland sites in the Philippines. It has gained
international recognition for being a preferred nesting place of many migratory birds, and
is one of over 60 wetland sites monitored by the Department of Environment and Natural
Resources (DENR).
Delta - the big version of canals where fishpond gets irrigation of it.
Glycerin - or glycerine, is a simple polyol compound. It is a colorless, odorless, viscous
liquid that is widely used in pharmaceutical formulations.
Janitor
fish
-
the suckermouth
catfish, Hypostomus
plecostomus,
is
a tropical fish belonging to the armored catfish family (Loricariidae), named for the
armor-like longitudinal rows of scutes that cover the upper parts of the head and body
(the lower surface of head and abdomen is naked).
Jatropha - is a genus of approximately 175 succulent plants, shrubs and trees (some
aredeciduous, like Jatropha curcas), from the family Euphorbiaceae. The generic name is
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derived from the Greek words ἰατρός (iatros), meaning "physician," and τροφή (trophe),
meaning "nutrition," hence the common name physic nut.
Mariculture - is a specialized branch of aquaculture involving the cultivation of marine
organisms for food and other products in the open ocean, an enclosed section of the
ocean, or in tanks, ponds or raceways which are filled with seawater
Transesterification - is the process of exchanging the organic group R” of an ester with
the organic group R' of an alcohol. These reactions are often catalyzed by the addition of
an acid or base catalyst.
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Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1.
Biofuel
Biofuel is a fuel derived from living things or their metabolic byproducts. Thus, it is a
renewable energy source unlike petroleum, coal, and even nuclear fuel. It is, also,
becoming a viable alternative to petroleum products because of surging oil prices. They
are not only cheaper but cleaner than gasoline and diesel. It can cut greenhouse gas
emissions by up to 90 percent (Philippine Daily Inquirer, 2005).
The two main types of first-generation biofuels used commercially are ethanol, usually
made by fermenting plant sugars like sugarcane and corn, and bioesters which, on the
other hand, are yielded by a chemical reaction between vegetable oil (e.g. rapeseed or
soya bean oil) and an alcohol. The properties of bioesters are very close to that diesel fuel
and the two can be mixed. This blend is known as biodiesel (Manila Bulletin, 2007).
.
Biodiesel is the name of a clean burning alternative fuel, produced from domestic,
renewable resources. It contains no petroleum, but it can be blended at any level with
petroleum diesel to create a biodiesel blend. It can be used in compression-ignition
(diesel) engines with little or no modifications.
Biodiesel is simple to use, biodegradable, nontoxic, and essentially free of sulfur and
aromatics. According to the National Biodiesel Board (2010), biodiesel is better for the
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environment because it is made from renewable resources and has lower emissions
compared to petroleum diesel. It is less toxic than table salt and biodegrades as fast as
sugar. Since it is made from renewable resources such as soybeans, its use decreases the
dependence on foreign oil and contributes to the own economy.
Biodiesel is made through a chemical process called transesterification whereby the
glycerin is separated from fat or vegetable oil. The process leaves behind two products –
methyl esters (the chemical name for biodiesel) and glycerin (a valuable byproduct
usually sold to be used in soaps and other products).
Methyl esters from transesterified vegetable oils or animal fats are attractive as
alternative fuels for combustion in direct-injection compression-ignition (diesel) engines.
Fuel characteristics, such as viscosity, gross heat of combustion and cetane rating,
compare well between methyl esters and petroleum middle distillates. Due to their
innocuous nature and relatively high flash points, methyl esters are safer to handle and
store than distillates. Under steady-state conditions, methyl esters can significantly reduce
exhaust emissions, including smoke, particulates, unburned hydrocarbons and carbon
dioxide, and slightly reduce carbon monoxide emissions.
Lipases were screened for their ability to transesterify triglycerides with short-chain
alcohols to alkyl esters. The lipase from Mucor miehei was most efficient for converting
triglycerides to their alkyl esters with primary alcohols, whereas the lipase from Candida
antarctica was most efficient for transesterifying triglycerides with secondary alcohols to
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give branched a|kyl esters. Conditions were established for converting tallow to shortchain alkyl esters at more than 90% conversion. These same conditions, also, proved
effective for transesterifying vegetable oils and high fatty acid-containing feedstocks to
their respective alkyl ester derivatives (Nelson, Foglia, & Marmer, 1996).
There have been a considerable number of studies that report transesterification and
interesterification reactions by using lipases with and without organic solvents. Recently,
research has centered on the use of lipases to transesterify higher-molecular weight fatty
acids to alkyl esters. Lipase-catalyzed alcoholyses of sunflower oil, rapeseed oil, soybean
oil, and beef tallow have been reported.
This process can further be used to synthesize other value-added products, including
biodegradable lubricants and additives for fuel and lubricants. Lipase can, also, be used to
introduce other functionalities into alkyl esters that may further improve the cold
temperature properties of the resulting biodiesel.
Using Mittelbach's conditions with hexane as solvent, the researchers screened
commercially available lipases for their abilities to transesterify the TG of olive, soybean
oil, and tallow with short chain alcohols to their alkyl ester derivatives. The enzymes
studied included a 1,3-specific (M. miehei), an acyl-specific (G. candidum), and a
nonspecific (P. cepacia) lipase. For methanolysis, the lipase from M. miehei (Lipozyme
TM IM60) was the most effective in converting olive, soybean, and tallow to the
corresponding methyl ester derivatives.
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Table 2.1. Lipase-Catalyzed Transesterification
In conclusion, lipase esterification is a viable method for the production of alkyl esters
from tallow, vegetable oil, and greases. Work is still ongoing to maximize conversions
for specific alcohols, to improve conversions for solvent-free methanolysis and
ethanolysis, to scale-up reactions to provide sufficient quantities for determining their
cold-temperature properties and to further improve upon these properties, emission, and
performance characteristics of the alkyl esters as diesel fuel alternatives. The potential of
this technology is, also, being explored to introduce other functionalities to prepare
biodegradable lubricants and additives.
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2.2.
Biodiesel from plants
The Department of Energy (2005) tries to promote the use of indigenous alternative fuels
to reduce the country’s dependence on imported oil. There are a lot of plants where you
can get oils.
2.2.1. Jatropha
The government is aggressively pushing for the cultivation of Jatropha curcas (tuba-tuba)
as a source of renewable fuel. Goldman Sachs (2007) stated that the plant is one of the
best biodiesel productions. The plant, which produces golf-ball-size fruits that contain oil,
can be grown in any kind of soil.
Jatropha becomes a viable source of biodiesel for its high fruit yield of 36,000 kilogram
per hectare (ha); with a high rate of oil extraction (34 percent and 38 percent). The
current laboratory oil extraction is in the range of 28 percent to 32 percent.
2.2.2. Sweet sorghum
Sweet sorghum is a type of grain similar to wheat and barley. Recalling the results of the
Technology Investment Forum on sweet sorghum, Dr. Teodoro Soloysoy (2007) said that
the sorghum can yield more income than jatropha. It, also, needs less sunlight and it can,
also, be developed into a food and feed source.
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Sorghum is widely adaptable, grows rapidly, and has high sugar accumulation and
biomass production potential. This is due to its tolerance to drought, water logging, soil
salinity and acid toxicity. It is a low input crop.
The cost of ethanol production from sweet sorghum per liter is low. Its ethanol has a high
burning quality and octane rating.
2.2.3. Sweet potato and cassava
Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas), locally known as camote, is an herbaceous vine that
produces starchy and sweet tuberous roots. The roots are large, long, and tapered, and
come in white, yellow, orange, brown, and purple.
Likewise, cassava (Manihot esculenta), is a major source of carbohydrates or starch. It
has long and tapered edible roots whose flesh is encased with a detachable peel or rind.
The root’s flesh is white or yellow. The roots are rich in starch but are low in protein,
unlike the leaves that have high protein content.
Sweet potato and cassava are easy to grow and harvest for food even as they could just as
easily be processed into biofuel. Dr. Vivencio Mamaril (2007), executive assistant of the
National Seed Inspection Committee and a member of the Bureau of Plant and Industry’s
Biotech Core Team, stated that sweet potato and cassava, aside from sugarcane, are the
country’s best feedstock for biofuel.
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There are 2.4-million hectares planted to corn, 3.2-million hectares to coconut, 390,000
hectares to sugarcane, 330,000 to cassava and camote. Root crops are preferred for
biofuel because they are rich in carbohydrates, which can be broken down into alcohol
through fermentation.
2.2.4. Algae
Algae can be a source of biodiesel, there is sufficient volume of algae in the country’s
waters to meet the demand for oil (Perez, 2008).
Algae or seaweeds, locally known as “lumot,” produce kerogen, a type of petroleum or
oil. The oil that is being mined off shore is mainly produced by the diatoms in the ocean.
Diatoms are a kind of algae which is, also, called phytoplankton and majority of them
exist in the unicellular forms. The algae could yield between 40 t0 50 percent oil
(Philippine Daily Inquirer, 2008).
2.3.
Janitor fish conversion into biodiesel
Janitor fish is the name given by Filipino aquarium hobbyists to the Common Pleco or
Plecostomus, a freshwater tropical fish belonging to the Armored Catfish family
(Loricariidae). A native to South America, it was introduced in the Philippines by
aquarium hobbyists in the last decade.
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It is called janitor fish for it assiduously cleans the aquarium by eating algae growing on
the edges. Its sucker-like mouth allows it to adhere to a surface, as well as to hold and
rasp at food. These fish can grow to around 50 centimeters.
According to the Philippine Council for Aquatic and Marine Research and Development
(2005), janitor fish are not valued as a food fish but it can be utilized as a fishmeal
source. But, nowadays, this kind of fish is being considered as a “pest” for unbalancing
the ecosystem especially in the fishery industries.
The Philippine Council for Aquatic and Marine Research and Development or PCAMRD
(2005) has allayed fears of fishermen around the country that the janitor fish is perilous to
other fish species in the lake. The ballooning population of the aquarium fish along the
Marikina River and Laguna Lake has alarmed several local government units in Rizal and
Laguna as fishermen complained that the fish has caused a decline in their fish harvest.
They, also, blamed the janitor fish for destroying their fishnets, thus adding to their
expenses.
Dr. Rafael Guerrero III (2005), PCAMRD executive director, said the population of the
janitor fish, also, endangered the country’s native and cultured fish species. To contain its
population, they suggested that the best way to reduce its population is by catching the
adults through grill nets or traps at their nesting sites.
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In a recent study, janitor fish can be converted into biodiesel. It was made possible by a
16-year-old high school student from Marikina City who converted janitor fish oil into
biofuel oil as his experiment. Villas (2010) stated that Raymond Joseph Amurao was
inspired to do the experiment because of the local government’s effort to eradicate the
janitor fish which was being considered a “pest” now for multiplying thousands daily,
destroying the ecological balance of the endemic aquatic life in the waterway and
impeding the flow of current.
To convert the so-called pest’s oil, he boiled 12 kilos of janitor fish and extracted 500
milliliters of janitor fish oil. The oil underwent a chemical process and tests conducted on
the oil that it was less viscuous. The biofuel made from it was compared to kerosene,
coco diesel, alcohol and diesel during the research.
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Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1.
Conceptual Framework
Finding ways to minimize or eradicate the label for janitor fish as a pest is the goal of the
researchers. Fishpond owners’ treats janitor fish as pest to their fishponds for it affects
their livelihood. This kind of fish competes with other fishes feeding on algae and
organic feeds that the owners are providing. Since they (janitor fishes) are opportunistic
and voracious feeders, they may cause their numbers to increase enough to make one
fourth of the total population available on a block or worst, displacing the native fish
species, and causing the reduction of native fish catch. What is worrisome is that the
janitor fish has no natural enemies in a fishpond and this means it can rapidly multiply.
Janitor fish that are rooting around the fishponds of Candaba were concluded mostly
coming from the nearby Pampanga River during rainy season that causes flood in the area
since the province is a flood prone area. And, the other factor is delta. Because of this
reasons, the researchers’ conceptualized an operational framework that will provide
information to enable them to improve the performance of their concepts. This
framework will help to identify solutions to problems that limit concepts quality,
efficiency and effectiveness, or to determine which alternative strategy would yield the
best results.
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The concept that was mainly used in this study is The Quantitative Analysis Approach.
The quantitative analysis approach consists of defining a problem, developing a model,
acquiring input data, developing a solution, testing the solution, analyzing the results, and
implementing the results. One step does not have to be finished completely before the
next is started; in most cases one or more of these steps will be modified to some extent
before the final results are implemented. This would cause all of the input data are not
correct. This would mean that all steps that follow defining the problem would need to be
modified (Stair, 2007).
Figure 3.1. The Quantitative Analysis Approach
This approach was used to guide the researchers in their study, especially in conducting a
framework for the availability of Janitor Fish, production of biodiesel out of this
feedstock and implementation of the methods constructed.
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The table below shows the steps done by the researchers in conducting the study with
their proposed goal:
Collection of
supporting data for
the study.
Conversion of data
from input to
output.
Scheduling for
collecting janitor
fish
Determining
methods that be
used.
Analyze the data.
Gather janitor fish
Fomulating question
for the survey.
Conduct survey.
Extraction of oil
Implimenting the
result.
Choosing of spesific
area for the survey.
Determine the
sample size.
Testing the
effiecency.
Analyze the result.
Figure 3.2. Steps in conducting the study
3.2.
Research Design
This study is organized in two research designs, the descriptive or survey design, and
experimental design. The survey will provide the information of the availability of the
janitor fish in the Pampanga as the primary materials in making biodiesel.
3.2.1. Data gathering
In this study, the researchers conducted a survey. But, before the survey was conducted,
there are some requirements that must be followed. The survey was only conducted with
the fishpond operator’s or owners. The instrument used is the survey questionnaires that
will be given to random operators.
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The questions asked to the operators should have direct answers for the availability of the
janitor fish. The following are the steps for making the survey.
1. Formulate survey questionnaires.
2. Compute for the sample size.
3. Look for sixty eight fishpond operators in Candaba at random.
4. Ask if they are willing to cooperate to answer the survey question.
5. Get the total area of the aquaculture of Candaba.
6. Analyze the data given by the operators.
7. Then, compute for the probability sampling of the janitor fish.
8. The experimentation to be followed.
Formulate survey
questionnaires.
Analyze the data
given by the
operators.
Compute for the
yield rate.
Compute for the
sample size.
Get the total area of
the aquaculture of
Candaba.
Biodiesel production
Look for sixty eight
fishpond operators
in Candaba at
random.
Ask if they are willing
to cooperate to
answer the survey
questions.
Figure 3.3. Survey process
In collecting data, there are some factors that must be considered. In the table given
below, it will show the cycle of the tilapia raising in Candaba from irrigation up to
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removing the unwanted fish that kills fingerlings. There is a suitable season for tilapia
raising.
The Gantt chart represents the cycle of tilapia raising in Candaba. It shows that if an
operator has only one fishpond, it can only harvest twice a year. The month of February
is the month suitable for irrigation and seeding for the fingerlings for the weather and
temperature of the water for irrigation are suitable for the fingerlings. The feeding is the
longest cycle for growing the tilapia. It takes an average of four months for a tilapia to be
ready for harvest. The removing of the unwanted fish like dalag , hito and snail in the
fishpond is the last cycle in raising of tilapia. The last cycle, also, is a preparation for the
new raising of tilapia.
Table 3.1. Gantt chart for tilapia raising
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3.2.2. Data Analysis
In the data analysis, the computed random probability sampling will serve as the
availability of the janitor fish in Candaba. In determining the sample size for the number
of the operators that should be interviewed given the total number of operators in the area
the sampling formula by lynch and others was used.
Sampling Formula by Lynch and Others :
n = Nz2p(1-p) / Nd2 + z2p (1-p)
where:
z = the value of the normal variable (1.96) for the reliability level of 0.95
p = the largest possible proportion (0.50)
d = sampling error
N = population
n = sample size
Application of the formula:
Given:
d = 0.05
N = 285
P = 0.05
Required: n = ?
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Computation:
n = 285 ( 0.95 )2( 0.05 ) ( 1 - 0.05 ) / 285 ( 0.05 )2 + ( 0.95 )2 ( 0.05 ) ( 1 – 0.05 )
n = 64.303125 / 0.938125
n = 68.54 = 69
By using the sampling formula by lynch and the others, the result that was obtained
represent the total number of fishpond operator or owners in Candaba that must be
interviewed for the availability of janitor fish and other information needed in the study.
The partial computation of the availability of janitor fish based on survey resulted that for
the sixty eight fishpond owners of Candaba, a sum of 2,312 kilos of janitor fish were
collected from their recent harvests.
3.2.3. Experimentation
With the use of the data gathered on the availability of janitor fish in Candaba,
Pampanga, collection of the fish will be followed. The availability of the janitor fish will
determine where to get the resources for the experimentation.
Before the experimentation study is taken, primary requirements must be met. The study
must be conducted at a chemistry laboratory with the help of a chemist or an expert in
chemistry experimentation. Also, details of the method must be standardized at all points.
Some equipment is required to perform the experimentation which includes separatory
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funnel, 500 mL beaker, thermometer, distilling flask, condenser, and cork stopper. Here
are the steps in making the experimentation:
1. Boil the janitor fish, first. Through boiling, the oil will come out from its body.
2. Separation of oil from water will be done through the distillation process. The fish
oil must contain at least one liter.
3. To convert the janitor fish oil in to biodiesel, transesterification must be done.
Boil the janitor
fish.
Transesterification
Distillation process
The oil must be
one liter for
conversion.
Figure 3.4. Experimentation process
Based from the computations, the figure will yield to 96.33 liters of biodiesel.
3.3.
Instrumentation
To accomplish the research design, the researchers will use some equipments needed in
performing the study. These are the items needed for the experimentation: separatory
funnel, 500 mL beaker, thermometer, distilling flask, condenser, and cork stopper. In
conducting the survey, questionnaires and the data from the Bureau of Fisheries and
Aquatic Resources are needed.
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APPENDICES
Appendix A:
Region 3 Areas
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Aquaculture Areas of Pampanga
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Appendix B:
Questionnaire
Purpose: The student of Holy Angel University, Department of Industrial Engineering
are conducting a research study regarding the availability of the janitor fish in candaba
in line with this we would like to ask same question regarding to our research survey.
Direction: Answer the question in the space provided.
1) How many kilo of janitor fish you catch in your fishpond?
2) What do you do to those janitor fish you catch?
3) Where those janitor fish came from?
4) Is there specific season that janitor fish are in large population?
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REFERENCES
Benaning, M.N. (2007, January 5). Sweet potato, cassava good biofuel sources. Manila
Bulletin.
Bureau of Fisheries & Aquatic Resources. (2005). Region 3 area.
Burgonio, T. (2008, May 9). Ateneo professor urges use of algae for biofuel. Philippine
Daily Inquirer, pp. A1, A10.
Department of Energy. (2005, August 21). Alternative Fuels will help country save on
dollars. Philippine Daily Inquirer.
Foglia, T.A., Marmer, W.N. & Nelson, L.A. (1996). Lipase-Catalyzed production of
Biodiesel I. JAOCS, 73, 1191-1194.
Lales, J., Mendoza, T. & Zamora, O. (2007, September 9). Jathropha: What the public
should know. Philippine Daily Inquirer, A12.
Ocampo, J. (2008, January 23). What are biofuels. Philippine Daily Inquirer. pp. B2-2,
B2-3.
Ordonez, E.M. (2007, February 16). Sweet sorghum for biofuel. Philippine Daily
Inquirer.
Ramos, M. (2005, July 28). Janitor fish safe, says study. Philippine Daily Inquirer.
Sustainable Community Enterprises. (2007). A feasibility study for fish oil biodiesel
production.
Villas, A.T. (2006, February 26). Janitor fish oil converted into biofuel by boy. Manila
Bulletin.
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