Introduction to Chemistry
Chemistry is the study of matter
and the transformations it can
undergo…
…Matter is anything that
occupies space.
Chemistry
with a
Purpose
Interactive Periodic Table
e
Ir O N Mn
77
1
8
7
25
The Human Element
H
H
He
1
2
1
2
3
Li
Be
B
C
N
O
F
Ne
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
Ar
13
14
15
16
17
18
Na Mg
11
4
K
19
5
7
Ca Sc
Ti
V
Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br
Kr
23
24
35
36
I
Xe
53
54
20
21
22
Rb Sr
Y
Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd
In
39
40
41
42
49
Hf
Ta
W
72
73
74
37
6
12
38
Cs Ba
55
56
Fr
Ra
87
88
*
W
25
43
26
44
Re Os
75
76
27
28
29
47
30
45
46
Ir
Pt Au Hg
Tl
77
78
81
79
48
31
80
32
33
34
Sn Sb Te
50
51
Pb Bi
82
83
52
Po At Rn
84
85
86
Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt
104
105
106
107
108
109
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
57
58
59
Ac Th Pa
89
90
91
60
U
92
61
62
63
64
65
66
Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf
93
94
95
96
97
98
67
68
69
70
71
Es Fm Md No Lr
99
100
101
102
103
Natural Science
Physical Science
Physics
Chemistry
Earth and Space Science
Geology
Astronomy
Meteorology
Life Science
Botany
Ecology
Oceanography
Natural science covers a very broad range of knowledge.
Wysession, Frank, Yancopoulos, Physical Science Concepts in Action, 2004, page 4
Zoology
Genetics
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.
Food Elements Removed
from the soil by various plants
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium
Magnesium
Calcium
Sulfur
Pounds Per Acre
30
20
10
Corn
Jaffe, New World of Chemistry, 1955, page 468
Hay
Wheat
Cotton
Oats
Potatoes
Tobacco
Job Skills for the Future
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Evaluate and Analyze
Think Critically
Solve Math Problems
Organize and Use References
Synthesize Ideas
Apply Ideas to New Areas
Be Creative
Make Decisions with Incomplete Information
Communicate in Many Modes
Chemistry will develop ALL of these skills in YOU!
Click to see
VIDEO
A Colorful Demonstration: The Remsen Reaction
The Functions of Science
pure science
applied science
the search for
knowledge; facts
using knowledge
in a practical way
Science attempts to establish
cause-effect relationships.

?
Pure Science
The search for facts about the natural
world.
- In science, we often try to establish a cause-effect
relationship.
- Driven by curiosity: the need to know, explore,
conquer something new.
Applied Science
The practical application of scientific
discoveries.
-Also known as
“technology”
- Used to improve our lives
Cell phones
Biodegradable garbage bags
Corning Glass
NASA’s Problem
Design a material
that is clear and can withstand extreme differences
in temperature without failing (cracking).
Corning Glass
FAILED…but
SUCCEEDED at making
great cookware that can
withstand extremes in temperature.
Design a face shield
to protect and provide
clear vision.
Aluminum Mining
• Charles Martin Hall
• 1850s: aluminum sold
for $500 / pound
• Cap on the Washington
Monument
• Developed method to
extract aluminum from
bauxite
• Hall’s method
– 1 pound Al costs 30 cents
4-6 pounds
bauxite
+
current
= 1 lb Al
The Scientific Method
The Skeptical Chemist
In “The Sceptical Chymist”
(1661)
Boyle stated that scientific speculation
was worthless unless it was supported
by experimental evidence.
Robert Boyle
This principle led to the development of the scientific method.
“My mother the eye doctor”
Observation or Inference?
The
One
Names
The piece
player
players
adult
mother
of the
player
areis
ofteams
holding
written
isof
the
holding
in
paper
holding
a
the
catcher.
umpire.
isbatter
picture
on
the
iscalled
aaathe
piece
note
bat.
isuniforms.
are
is
the
an
of
from
talking.
on
optometrist
“Reds.”
paper.
opposite
the
mother
or
teams.
opthalmologist
of the batter. (an eye doctor).
wearing
abat
catcher’s
mask.
Data
Observations are also called data.
There are two types of data.
qualitative data
descriptions;
no numbers
quantitative data
measurements;
must have numbers
and UNITS
Scientific Method
•
•
•
•
Observations
Hypothesis
Experimentation
– Controlled (one variable changed at a time)
– Collect data (quantitative and qualitative)
– Analyze data (graph, statistics…trends)
Form valid conclusion.
•
After many experiments…form a theory.
Fundamental Properties of Models
A model does not equal reality.
Models are oversimplifications, and
are therefore often wrong.
Models become more complicated
as they age.
We must understand the underlying
assumptions in a model so that we
don’t misuse it.
Scientific Law vs.
Scientific Theory
A law states what happens.
Law of Gravity
A theory tries to explain why
or how something happens.
Theory of Gravity
Atomic Theory
Collision Theory of Reactions
Make observation
Scientific
Method
Ask question
Develop
hypothesis
Test hypothesis
with further
experiments
Test hypothesis
with an
experiment
Revise
hypothesis
Analyze data
and draw
conclusions
Hypothesis
IS
supported
Wysession, Frank, Yancopoulos,
Physical Science Concepts in Action, 2004, page 8
Hypothesis
is NOT
supported
Develop
theory
Reviewing Concepts
What is Science?
• How does the scientific process start and
end?
• How are science and technology related?
• What are the branches of natural science?
• Explain the advantages and disadvantages
of subdividing science into many different
areas.
• Why do scientists seek to discover new
laws of the universe?
Reviewing Concepts
Using a Scientific Approach
• What is the goal of scientific methods?
• How does a scientific law differ from a
scientific theory?
• Why are scientific models useful?
• What are three types of variables in a
controlled experiment?
• Does every scientific method begin with an
observation? Explain.
How did
Chemistry
Become a
Science?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_chemistry
The
Alchemist
Frankly, I’d be satisfied
if I could turn gold
into lead!
The Alchemist’s Dream
COPPER
“SILVER”
Zinc coated
“GOLD”
Brass = Copper + Zinc
Penny into Gold - Alchemist Dream
The Beginnings
early practical chemistry:
household goods, weapons,
soap, wine, basic medicine
The Greeks believed there
were four elements.
___
___
D
D
earth
air
fire
~
water
D
Timeline
Greeks
(Democratus ~450 BC)
Discontinuous
theory of matter
ALCHEMY
400 BC
300 AD
Issac Newton
(1642 - 1727)
1000
2000
Greeks
(Aristotle ~350 BC))
Continuous
theory of matter
American
Independence
(1776)
Alchemy
In Europe,
alchemy was
the quest for the Philosopher’s Stone
(the elixir, the Sorcerer’s Stone).
Allegedly, this substance would turn
cheap metals into gold.
Alchemy
• After that 'chemistry' was
ruled by alchemy.
• They believed that that
could take any cheap
metals and turn them into
gold.
• Alchemists were almost
like magicians.
– elixirs, physical immortality
transmutation
changing one substance into another

Philosopher’s Stone
COPPER

GOLD
In ordinary chemical reactions, we cannot
transmute elements into different elements.
Alchemy was practiced in many regions of the
world, including China and the Middle East.
Alchemy arrived in western Europe
around the year 500 C.E.
Modern chemistry evolved from alchemy.
Contributions
of alchemists:
Information about elements
- the elements mercury, sulfur, and antimony were discovered
- properties of some elements
Develop lab apparatus / procedures / experimental techniques
- alchemists learned how to prepare acids.
- developed several alloys
- new glassware
Early Ideas on Elements
Robert Boyle stated...
– A substance was an
element unless it could
be broken down to two
or more simpler
substances.
– Air therefore could not
be an element because
it could be broken down
in to many pure
substances.
Robert Boyle
Areas of Chemistry
• Organic
• Inorganic
The study of most carbon-containing compounds
The study of all substances not classified as organic,
mainly those compounds that do not contain carbon
• Analytical
The identification of the components and composition
of materials
• Physical
The study of the properties, changes, and relationships
between energy and matter
• Biochemistry
The study of substances and processes occurring in
living things
Areas of Chemistry
organic
the study of carboncontaining
compounds
inorganic
everything except
carbon
e.g., compounds
containing metals
physical
measuring physical
properties of
substances
e.g., the melting
point of gold
biochemistry
the chemistry of
living things
Careers in Chemistry
•
•
•
•
•
•
research (new products)
production (quality control)
development (manufacturing)
chemical sales
software engineering
teaching
A Career in the Field of
Chemistry
• Research Chemist
• Chemist who works in Development
Production Chemists and
Technicians
• Other Jobs for Chemists
– Chemical sales, software engineering,
patent law, teaching
The skills you will develop by an earnest
study of chemistry will help you in any
career field.
The Scope of Chemistry
-- petroleum products
gasoline, oil, diesel fuel, heating oil, asphalt
-- synthetic fibers
nylon, polyester, rayon, spandex
-- pharmaceuticals
medicines, cancer drugs, new antibiotics
1 in 10,000 new products gets FDA approval
-- bulk chemical manufacturing
#1 chemical = sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
All fields of endeavor are affected by chemistry.
Research
Basic Research
– Carried out for the sake of increasing knowledge
– Driven by curiosity or a desire to know
– Roy Plunkett ‘discovers’ Teflon is a nonstick material
Applied Research
– Carried out to solve a specific problem
– Safer refrigerant that does not harm ozone layer
Technological Development
– Production and use of products that improve our quality of life
– Computer chips, biodegradable materials, catalytic converters
for automobiles
Forensic
Scientist
Arson is suspected in the burning of this house.
•
•
•
•
Use science to solve crimes
Arson investigation
DNA fingerprinting
Luminol test for blood
Gasoline, paint, and bottled
gas are extremely volatile.
Basic Concepts in Chemistry
chemical
any substance that takes part in,
or occurs as a result of,
a chemical reaction
All matter can be considered to be
chemicals or mixtures of chemicals.
chemical reaction
a rearrangement of atoms such that
“what you end up with”
products
differs from
“what you started with”
reactants
Combustion of a Hydrocarbon
carbon
methane + oxygen 
+ water
dioxide
CH4(g) + 2 O2(g)  CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g)

sodium + water  hydrogen +
sodium
hydroxide
2 Na(s) + 2 H2O(l)  H2(g) + 2 NaOH(aq)

Law of
Conservation of Mass
total mass = total mass
of reactants
of products
Rmass = Pmass
Lavoisier – “Father of modern chemistry”
Government
Regulation
worker
OSHA
environment
EPA
The government
regulates chemicals
to protect the…
FDA
USDA
FAA
CPSC consumer
Thalidomide
• Prescription drug for morning sickness
• Drug can be made in two ways
– Put together same material in more than one way.
• A = “good” drug (stops morning sickness)
• B = “bad” drug (birth defects)
• Side-effect from “bad” drug
– Stopped development in fetus
• Short arms; “flipper-babies”
Mercury Poisoning
One tiny drop of mercury shatters lives and science
Karen Wetterhahn, a chemistry
Professor at Dartmouth College,
died of mercury poisoning after
spilling just one drop in a laboratory on Aug. 14, 1996. The
mercury penetrated her skin
through gloves.
LYME, N.H. (AP) — It was just a drop of liquid,
just a tiny glistening drop. It glided over her glove
like a jewel.
Scientist Karen Wetterhahn knew the risks: The
bad stuff kills if you get too close.
She took all the precautions working with mercury in her Dartmouth College lab — wearing protective gloves and eye goggles, working under a
ventilated hood that sucks up chemical fumes.
So on that sunny day in August, when she accidentally spilled a drop, she didn't think anything of
it. She washed her hands, cleaned her instruments
and went home.
It was just a drop of liquid, just a tiny glistening
drop.
At first, friends thought she had caught a stomach
bug on her trip to Malaysia. It wasn't until she
started bumping into doors that her husband, Leon
Webb, began to worry. Karen, always so focused,
always so sure of her next step, was suddenly falling
down as if she were drunk.
In 15 years together, she had never been sick, never stopped working, never complained. Leon was
stunned when she called for a ride home from work.
Over lunch a few days later, Karen confided to her
best friend, Cathy Johnson, that she hadn't felt right
for some time. Words seemed to be getting stuck in
her throat. Her hands tingled. It felt like her whole
body was moving in slow motion.
"Karen," Johnson said as she drove her back to
the college, "we've got to get you to the hospital."
"After work," Karen promised, walking unsteadily into the Burke chemistry building for the last
time.
That night, Leon drove her to the emergency
room. It was Monday, Jan. 20, 1997, five months
since she had spilled the drop in the lab.
Just a single drop of liquid. Yet somehow it had
penetrated her skin.
By the weekend, Karen couldn't walk, her speech
was slurred and her hands trembled. Leon paced the
house. "Virus" seemed an awfully vague diagnosis,
for symptoms that were getting worse every day.
"It's mercury poisoning," Dr. David Nierenberg
said. "We have to start treatment immediately."
Leon hung up with relief. At last, they understood
the problem. Now maybe they could fix it.
It seemed impossible to believe that anything
could be wrong with Karen Wetterhahn, one of
those quietly impressive individuals whose lives
seemed charmed from the start.
Serious and hardworking, she excelled at every thing she turned to — science or sailing or skiing.
She grew up near Lake Champlain in upstate New
York in a family so close that when she and her only
sister became mothers, they named their daughters
after each other: Charlotte and Karen.
Karen was always the brilliant one of the family,
the one who would do great things. And she did, becoming the first woman chemistry professor at
Dartmouth, running a world-renowned laboratory
on chromium research, devoting herself to her
work.
It was important work, the kind that could lead to
cures for cancer and AIDS. Karen thrived on it. She
loved nothing more than experimenting with a
chemical, figuring out its bad side and how it breaks
down living things.
Lead Poisoning
(Plumbism)
LD50 =
mg / kg
Small children may accidentally
ingest lead-based paints that peel
off from window sills and walls.
Lead accumulates near bone joints
– lighter color on X-ray is lead.
Effects: slow mental development,
lack of concentration
Material Safety Data Sheet
(MSDS)
• Gives information
about a chemical.
• Lists “Dos” and “Don’ts.”
Chemical Exposure
acute exposure
a one-time
exposure
causes damage
chronic exposure
damage occurs
after repeated
exposure
How Toxic is “Toxic?”
Chemicals may cause harm in many different ways.
•
•
•
•
•
•
Flammable
Explosive
Radioactive
Corrosive
Irritant
Toxic
– Chronic toxicity: low doses repeated over a long period of
time
– Acute toxicity: immediate effect of a substance as a result of
a single dose
• “Lethal Dose 50%” LD50
Toxicity
Which is more toxic?
http://lansce.lanl.gov/training/FST2004/images04/chemicals1.gif
Toxicity
Which is more toxic?
Chemical A: LD50 = 3.2 mg/kg
Chemical B: LD50 = 48 mg/kg
Chemical A is more toxic because less of it
proves fatal to half of a given population.
LD50
the lethal dosage for 50%
of animals on which the
chemical is tested
There are various ways an LD50 can be
expressed. For example, acetone has
the following LD50s:
ORL-RAT LD50:
IHL-RAT LD50:
SKN-RBT LD50:
5,800 mg/kg
50,100 mg/m3-h
20 g/kg
Knowledge = Safety
• Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)
– Lists hazards, special handling instructions,
and risks associated with a material.
Supplied by manufacturer.
• Acute Exposure
– Single episode can cause great damage
• Chronic Exposure
– Many episodes over a period of time cause
damage
•
•
•
•
Carcinogen – causes cancer
Mutagen – causes mutations (genetic defects)
Tetragen – causes birth defects
Neurotoxin – severely poisonous and toxic