MOBILE COMMUNICATION AND
INTERNET TECHNOLOGIES
http://web.uettaxila.edu.pk/CMS/AUT2014/teMCITms/
Networking Technologies and
Internet of the Future
Courtesy of:
Dr. H. E. (Buster) Dunsmore
Purdue University
and
Google Inc.
MODULE AIMS
The main aims of this module are to:
 Explore different networking technologies
 Discuss future of Internet
 Inter-Planetary Internet
2
NETWORKING TECHNOLOGY
Power-Line Networking
Way to connect
computers in home
or office using
electrical wiring
Power-Line Networking
More convenient than phone lines
Connect computer to network through the
outlet that provides power
Data travels through electrical wiring
Requires no new wiring and adds no cost to
electric bill
Power-line networking is inexpensive method
for connecting computers in different places in
home or office
NETWORKS –
HOME AREA NETWORKS (HAN)
Network within a home
 Connects digital devices
HomePLC – electrical lines; cables connect
card/USB/parallel port to wall outlet
Phoneline – telephone lines; cables connect
NIC/PC card to telephone jack

Network card that plugs into
PCI slot and wall outlet for home
power-line network
Howstuffworks.com
HomeRF, 802.11b – radio waves; NIC connects to transceiver with antenna
or to wireless access point
Ethernet – twisted pair cables; Ethernet NIC cards and cables to connect
devices

5
WIRELESS NETWORKING
Creates network by sending infrared or radio
signals between computers
Better than Power-line networking; some
computers are not “plugged in” to electrical
outlet
Laptop with wireless network card is
completely portable throughout home or office
IrDA (Infrared Direct Access) is standard for
devices to communicate using infrared light
pulses
WIRELESS NETWORKING
Infrared devices must be in direct line of
sight with each other (like TV remote…
which uses same infrared technology)
Infrared is almost always “one to one”
technology
Radio signals better because no line of sight
requirement and ability to broadcast to
multiple recipients
NETWORK COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGIES –
802.11, BLUETOOTH, IRDA
IEEE 802.11 (802.11b, g – “WiFi”)
 Family of standards used with wireless LANs
 Used for public Internet access points
Bluetooth
 Devices contain special chip
 Short-range radio waves transmit between Bluetooth devices
 Short distance
IrDA
 IrDA devices contain IrDA ports
 Infrared light waves
 Line-of-sight transmission
8
BLUETOOTH
Bluetooth is new standard being developed by
a group of electronics manufacturers
Will allow any sort of electronic equipment to
communicate with each other
Can be used among computers, keyboard,
mouse, printer, headphone, cell phone
Bluetooth-like radio communications should
take place of wires or infrared signals for
connecting devices
BLUETOOTH
Very small radio module to be built into each
device
Wireless: No need for cables or cords to any
device
BLUETOOTH
Inexpensive: Should add only about $5-10
to price of product
Simple: Devices find one another and strike
up conversation without any work on your
part
Why is it called Bluetooth?
Harald Bluetooth was king of Denmark
around the turn of the last millenium
He united Denmark and part of Norway into
a single kingdom
AIRBORNE INTERNET
Satellite Internet access already commonplace
Satellites orbit at several hundreds of miles
above Earth
Imagine airplane-like device at approximately
60,000 feet
Aircraft will be undisturbed by inclement
weather and will be flying well above
commercial air traffic
AIRBORNE INTERNET
AIRBORNE INTERNET
All satellite benefits without some of the
problems
Consumers would get connections
comparable to Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
High-speed wireless Internet connection by
placing aircraft in fixed pattern over city
Could be lightweight planes (possibly
unmanned) or blimps
AIRBORNE INTERNET
Airborne Internet will function much like
satellite-based Internet access, but without
time delay
Cost advantage over satellites – aircraft can
be deployed easily – do not have to be
launched into space
Airborne Internet could even complement
satellite and ground-based networks, not
replace them
IMPACT AND
OPPORTUNITY?
Impact: Possibility of constant connection to
network anywhere, any time
Benefit: Ease of connecting all computers and
related devices
Challenges:
How to make most efficient use of the
computing power, software, and tools
always available
How to build the most useful software
and tools
INTERNET TECHNOLOGY
Application Service Provider
(ASP)
Access over the Internet to applications and
services that would otherwise have to be
located on one’s own personal computer
Email, text editor, financial modeling
software, Computer Aided Design (CAD)
software, simulation software,…..
STORAGE SERVICE PROVIDER
(SSP)
Centralized data storage, which will increase efficiency
and ease of access to information, as well as
synchronization of information among users and
machines
Wherever you are, that is your computer!
THE NEXT GENERATION
INTERNET
About 120 universities and 25 corporate
sponsors are working on better Internet
infrastructure “Internet 2”
THE NEXT GENERATION
INTERNET
Larger bandwidth
Faster speeds
Better reliability
Better security
Better compression techniques (smaller files to
be transmitted)
Caching – leaving copies around closer to the
point of need
All developments will eventually become part of
standard internet
INTERNET PROTOCOL VERSION 6
(IPV6)
Today’s Internet uses
Internet Protocol
Version 4 (IPv4) –
approximately 20
years old
Internet Protocol
Version 6 (IPv6) (also
called IPng) will
eventually replace
IPv4
INTERNET PROTOCOL VERSION 6
(IPV6)
IPv6 fixes a number of problems in IPv4, such as
limited number of available IPv4 addresses
IPv6 goes from 32 to 128 bits per address
If whole Earth was a beach, more than enough IP
addresses for every grain of sand ... hope that will be
enough
IPv6 also routes messages better, auto-configures for
missing computers, and includes security components
for encryption and authentication
DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS,
EXPERT SYSTEMS
If Internet becomes repository of all
knowledge, how best to use it?
Decision Support
Systems (DSS) access
data, sophisticated
analytical models,
user-friendly interfaces
DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS,
EXPERT SYSTEMS
Can make repetitive, routine decisions with known
algorithms
Can provide alternatives and possible outcomes for
more elaborate decisions
Expert Systems (ES) capture decision-making rules
used by experts
Interaction with human user and available data
evolved toward decision
Neural networks can imitate DSS and ES and learn
to make decisions
IMPACT AND
OPPORTUNITY?
Impact: Internet will provide fast access to
enormous amount of information and tools for using
that information
Benefit: Immediate access for all kinds of
information in a variety of formats (text, sound,
image, video)
Ability to make decisions based on “all” available
information… not just subset

Decision tools that represent best wisdom of all experts

Challenge: How to sift through enormous quantity of
information and tools available to decide what to use
in any given situation
CONSUMER COMPUTER
TECHNOLOGY
Plastic Displays
Researchers have recently made breakthroughs in
developing displays out of polyethylene terephthalate
(PET)
Thin, flexible, rugged plastic that you can bend, roll
up, fold, or form into practically any shape
PLASTIC DISPLAYS
Mass production of plastic displays is
approximately five years away
Applications could include notebook and
desktop displays, hand-held appliances
Also, wearable displays sewn into clothing,
and paper thin electronic books and
newspapers
ELECTRONIC DIGITAL PAPER
Developed at Xerox
Palo Alto Research
Center (PARC),
electronic paper is
new kind of display
Somewhere
between paper and
conventional
computer screen
ELECTRONIC DIGITAL PAPER
Like paper, it is thin, lightweight, and flexible
Like computer display, it is dynamic and
rewritable
Wide range of potential applications, including:
 Electronic paper newspapers offering breaking news,
incoming sports scores, and up to the minute stock
quotes, even as paper is being read
 Electronic paper magazines that continually update
with breaking information and make use of animated
images or movie pictures
 Electronic paper textbooks, which could be updated as
technology changes
ELECTRONIC DIGITAL PAPER
Electronic paper utilizes new display technology
called gyricon
 A gyricon sheet is thin layer of transparent plastic in
which millions of small beads, like toner particles, are
randomly dispersed
 Beads are bichromal, with hemispheres of contrasting
color
 Under influence of voltage applied to surface of sheet,
beads rotate to present one colored side or the other
to the viewer
 Image will persist until new voltage patterns are
applied to create new images
POWER PAPER
Computers and other electronic devices becoming
thinner and thinner
Soon laptop computer could be as thin as a sheet
of paper
Power supplies must slim down as well
Power Paper, an Israel-based company, has
developed paper-thin battery technology
POWER PAPER
Power electronic devices, games, greeting
cards, smart cards, luggage tags, medical
devices
Imagine smart tickets to sporting events to
avoid counterfeiting and give directions to seat
Could be very useful in computerized clothing
and wearable computers
Power Paper cell will be one-half millimeter
thick, and will generate 1.5 volts
PRINTABLE COMPUTERS
Researchers
developing inkbased, plastic
processor
PRINTABLE COMPUTERS
Printable computer components not designed to
replace silicon (about 100 times slower)
Plastic offers some benefits over silicon
 Silicon is rigid, while plastic chips are flexible
Will lead to simple computers to give
intelligence to everyday objects
Could be integrated into clothes, food labels,
simple appliances, toys
WEARABLE COMPUTERS
Obvious applications like
hearing aids with sound
enhancement software
“Glasses” with multiinformational display about
what is being seen, where
you are
Wrist computers, PDAs, cell
phones
• Next step is computerized clothing
• Including computers in standard clothing items
like shoes, pants, shirts, jackets, belts…
WEARABLE COMPUTERS
Uses include….
Health related – monitor blood pressure, pulse
rate, blood sugar, useful for life threatening
conditions that need continual monitoring
Navigation – directions, maps, airline information,
restaurant and hotel information
Safety and security – connections to police, fire,
medical, auto towing and repair
Entertainment – music, news, video, sporting
events
WEARABLE COMPUTERS
Some of these devices already making their
way into consumer market
Working to integrate computers and related
devices directly into clothing, so that they are
virtually invisible
Interaction via sensors, all fabric keypads,
speakers, voice recognition receivers, thin lightemitting diode (LED) monitors, flat screen
(plastic) displays, holographic projectors
Another step in making computers and devices
portable without having to carry and manipulate
plethora of gadgets
COMPUTERS IN EVERY
IMAGINABLE ITEM
Appliances – Home security, heating/air conditioning,
refrigerator, oven, dishwasher, lighting system,
entertainment systems, washer, dryer, garage door opener,
“watering” systems
Vehicles – cars, bicycles, lawn mowers, snow blowers,
chain saws
VOICE RECOGNITION
Many of above will operate via voice
commands
Next 3-5 years will bring major advances in
speech recognition
Voice is converted into phonemes (basic
elements of speech)
 English language has approximately 50 phonemes
VOICE RECOGNITION
Phonemes compared to dictionary of words
stored via phonemes
 Words then translated into computer commands like
“Display nearest gas station?”
 Limited vocabulary systems and systems trained to
particular person’s speech will be very fast and precise
Voice recognition requires tremendous storage
and processing power – no problem
IMPACT AND
OPPORTUNITY?
Impact: Every conceivable device can have
computer embedded in it
Benefit: Any mundane activity (like monitoring
supply of food in refrigerator) or complex
activity (like amplifying only specific sound
frequencies in hearing aid) can be done by
computer
Challenge: How to design most useful cadre of
consumer computers to aid without
overwhelming us humans
COMPUTER PROCESSORS
AND
STORAGE TECHNOLOGY
Magnetic Ram
Magnetic Random Access Memory (MRAM) has
potential to store more data, access data faster, use
less power than current memory technologies
Could eliminate computer “boot up” sequence
Today’s memory Dynamic RAM (DRAM) needs to be
supplied with constant current to store bits of data
MAGNETIC RAM
If current turned off, everything has to be
stored again
In MRAM, small amount of electricity
needed only to switch polarity (1 or 0) of
each memory cell on the chip…not to
maintain that value
HOLOGRAPHIC STORAGE
TECHNOLOGIES
CDs, DVDs, and magnetic storage all store bits
of information on the surface of a recording
medium
To increase storage capabilities, new optical
storage method, called holographic memory,
will go beneath the surface and use volume of
recording medium for storage
Could offer more storage in same space
EXTREME-ULTRAVIOLET
LITHOGRAPHY (EUVL) CHIPS
Current silicon technology used to make microprocessors
has begun to reach its limit since 2005
Other technologies necessary to cram more transistors onto
silicon to create more powerful chips
Extreme-ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) – way to extend life
of silicon at least until the end of the decade
EXTREME-ULTRAVIOLET
LITHOGRAPHY (EUVL) CHIPS
Using extreme-ultraviolet light to carve
transistors in silicon wafers will lead to
microprocessors as much as 100 times faster
than today’s most powerful chips
Memory chips with similar increases in storage
capacity
DNA COMPUTERS
Microprocessors made of
silicon will eventually reach
their limits of speed and
miniaturization
• Chip makers need new material to produce faster
computing speeds
• Millions of natural supercomputers exist in living
organisms
• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules have potential to
perform calculations many times faster than the world’s
most powerful human-built supercomputers
DNA COMPUTERS
DNA might one day be integrated on a
computer chip to create a so-called biochip that
will push computers even faster
DNA molecules have already been harnessed to
perform complex mathematical problems
Large supply of DNA makes it a cheap resource
DNA’s key advantage is that it will make
computers smaller, while holding more data,
than any computer that has come before
DNA COMPUTERS
One pound of DNA has the capacity to store
more information than all electronic computers
ever built
Teardrop-sized DNA computer will be more
powerful than world’s current most powerful
supercomputer
Unlike conventional computers, DNA computers
perform calculations in parallel
IMPACT AND
OPPORTUNITY?
Impact: Computers will be smaller, faster, lighter
with enormous amounts of storage capacity
Benefit: Any imaginable task can be programmed
to be executed in “real time” (like monitoring
aspects of nuclear reactor)
Challenge: What is the most cost-effective use of
these technologies?
How can we keep the “smaller, faster,
lighter” development going?
SOME “FAR OUT”
POTENTIAL
FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS
The Forgotten Senses
(Touch, Smell, Taste)
Research on computer use
for vision-impaired leading
to touch screens with
digitally-controlled raised
surfaces
Digital Scent Synthesizer
THE FORGOTTEN SENSES
(TOUCH, SMELL, TASTE)
Indexed thousands of smells based on chemical
structure and place on scent spectrum
Each scent is coded and digitized into small file
Digital file is embedded in Web content or email (much
like image file)
User may request scent or may be unleashed
automatically
Create thousands of everyday scents with small
cartridge containing 128 primary odors
Similar research going on in digital taste synthesis
ROBOTICS
Because of advances in processors, memory,
decision support systems, expert systems,
sensors….
Today’s crude robots will become “thinking”
machines, capable of behavior that mimics
reason, emotion, common sense, speech,
vision, locomotion
The Original
ARPANET
SDS
940
Dec 1969
#2
SRI
IBM
360/75
#3
UCSB
PDP
10
#1
UCLA
54
#4
UTAH
SDS
Sigma 7
Internet 1999
55
INTERNET - GLOBAL STATISTICS 2008
542 Million Hosts
(ISC Jan 2008)
1,464 Million Users
(InternetWorldStats.com,
June 30, 2008)
(approx. 3.5 B mobiles and 1 Billion PCs)
56
REGIONAL INTERNET STATISTICS 6/30/08
Region
Asia
Europe
North Am.
LATAM/C
Mid-East
Oceania
Africa
TOTAL
Internet
Population
578.5 Mil.
384.6 Mil.
248.2 Mil.
139.0 Mil.
41.9 Mil.
20.2 Mil.
51.0 Mil.
1,463.6 Mil.
%
penetration
15.3 %
48.1 %
73.6 %
24.1 %
21.3 %
59.5 %
5.3 %
21.9 %
57
INTERNET-ENABLED DEVICES
58
59
60
61
62
InterPlaNetary Internet
63
64
65
66
67
68
INTERPLANETARY INTERNET:“INTERPLANET”
(IPN)
•Planetary internets
•Interplanetary Gateways
•Interplanetary Long-Haul Architecture
 Licklider Transport Protocol (LTP)
 Bundle Protocol (RFC 5050)
 Delayed Binding of Identifiers
 Email-like behavior
•TDRSS and NASA in-space routing
•Delay and Disruption Tolerant Protocols
 Tactical Mobile applications (DARPA)
 Civilian Mobile applications (SameNet!)
 Deep Impact Testing October/November 2008
 Space Station Testing 2009
69
(RFC 4838)
•End-to-end information flow across the solar system
•Layered architecture for evolvability and
interoperability
•IP-like protocol suite tailored to operate over long
round trip light times
•Integrated communications and navigation services
70
Q&A
ASSIGNMENT #4
 Write note on terms highlighted in Red in this lecture
 Describe the ARPA NET architecture highlighting the
universities and research facilities that shared online
the resources of their mainframe servers as shown on
slide 54