Complete the Guided Reading as you view the Power
Point.
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Objective 11.01: Describe the effects of the
Cold War on economic, political, and social life in
America.
Essential Questions:
• How does a nation’s involvement in international
conflicts affect politics and society at home?
• To what extent did the effects of the Cold War
impact economic, political, and social life in
America?
• Did the Cold War ultimately have a positive or
negative impact on the United States?
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Cold War: period when the U.S. and the Soviet
Union were not at war but were on high alert
for fear that the Soviets would attack the U.S.
and the Communists would take over our
government (we had an icy relationship with the
Soviet Union)
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After WWII the U.S. economy did very well
Socially there was a spread of suburbia as developers
built more affordable houses that allowed people to
move out of cities to the suburbs
Politically the people of the U.S. feared the spread of
Communism and the threat of a nuclear war
People began to build fallout shelters: places people
hoped to live and take cover in if the Soviet Union
dropped a nuclear weapon on the nation
Schools did nuclear attack drills and taught students
how to duck and cover under their desks in the event
of a nuclear strike
People who supported Communism in the U.S. were
targeted, harassed, and investigated
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National Security Act: combined the
Department of War and the Department of
Navy to create the Department of Defense
◦ Created the Secretary of Defense to oversee
military affairs
◦ Created the president’s National Security Council to
coordinate national security policies
◦ Created the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to
spy on the Soviet Union (Russia) and its allies
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1938 Congress created the House UnAmerican Activities Committee (HUAC):
investigated charges against state department
officials
Alger Hiss: accused of giving the Soviet Union
secret U.S. documents during the 1930’sconvicted and sent to prison in 1950
Julius and Ethel Rosenberg: American couple
accused of giving the Soviet Union secrets to
the atomic bomb- convicted and sentenced to
death
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Many people in Hollywood were suspected of
being Communists
The HUAC called many Hollywood actors,
writers and producers to testify in court in
1947
Some were Communists and some were not
Hollywood Ten: 10 people in Hollywood who
refused to testify before the hearing because
they believed it was a violation of their civil
rights- they were sent to jail for contempt
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Out of fear that they might be the next
targeted, a number of Hollywood executives
created the Hollywood Blacklist: a list of
writers, actors, and directors the producers
refused to work with because they were
suspected of being Communist
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Wisconsin senator Joseph McCarthy believed the
government and the military had been infiltrated
by Communists
He actually accused many people by name in the
government and the military of being Communists
He accused so many important people of being
Communists that he was called to testify before
in a hearing on television
By the time it was all over McCarthy was seen as
either paranoid or mentally unstable by almost
everyone in the nation (but he did have some
supporters)
McCarthyism: McCarthy’s fears about Communism
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With the Cold War fear of a nuclear attack
President Eisenhower believed the nation
needed a stable highway system to allow people
and the military to move around the country
quickly (evacuate)
National Highway Act: called for the
construction of a federal interstate highway
system to improve mobility of citizens and the
military
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The Cold War meant it was important to
maintain a strong military force
Selective Service Act of 1951: allowed the
government to draft men between the ages of
18 and 26 into the military
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President Eisenhower addressed the nation in 1961
and spoke of the importance of the MilitaryIndustrial Complex: the link between the military
who does the fighting, Congress who pays for the
military, and the civilian work industry that makes
the supplies for the military
The link between the three groups grew extremely
important in during the Cold war as the United
States built up its military for defense against an
attack
The link remains important today
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Baby Boomers were the first generation where
most people went to college- before WWII most
people went straight to work after high school
When the Baby Boomers got into college they
became activists in the social movements of the
1960’s
Their activism began a new political movement
known as the New Left: the movement rejected
many of the traditional views in society regarding
race, gender roles, politics and morality- they
called for government action to bring about
change in society
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Détente: foreign policy developed by President
Richard Nixon and Secretary of State Henry
Kissinger to reduce the tension between the U.S.
and the Soviet Union and China by using diplomacy
instead of military force
Nixon became the first president to acknowledge
the Communists government of China and visit the
country
Nixon also knew that although China and the Soviet
Union (USSR) were both Communists, they did not
agree on all subjects- he used this to gain an
advantage over the USSR
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1972 the U.S. and the USSR signed the first
Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I)
The SALT treaty limited the development of
certain nuclear weapons and was a huge win for
President Nixon
1979 President Carter signed the SALT II with
the USSR to limit nuclear arms production even
more than the first
Problem: the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan
in 1979 and made the U.S. upset- SALT II was
never approved by the U.S.
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1980 President Ronald Reagan rejected the
use of détente for dealing with the USSR
Reagan believed the weak Soviet economy could
not keep up with the U.S.
Reagan believed increasing the arms race would
force communism to collapse and bring an end
to the need for nuclear weapons
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Objective 11.02: Trace major events of the
Civil Rights Movement and evaluate its
impact.
Essential Questions:
• How did the Civil Rights Movement change
America?
• To what degree has equality been achieved in
America?
• How did the philosophical shift toward more
militant tactics impact the outcome of the Civil
Rights Movement?
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1896 Plessy v. Ferguson legalized segregation
Black people and white people were separated
based on race- in many areas of the country
equal access to facilities was denied to African
Americans
The Civil Rights Movement: people fought for
equality and against de jure segregation by
challenging segregation laws
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1954 Thurgood Marshall defended the right of
Linda brown to attend an all white school in Brown
v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas
The Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation
was never equal- over turned the Plessy decisionChief Justice Earl Warren said segregation was
unconstitutional
No time limit for integration was set by the
Supreme Court
Thurgood Marshall later became the first African
American justice on the Supreme Court
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1957 Little Rock Nine: 9 black students were
denied access to attend Little Rock High
School- governor used the Arkansas national
Guard to keep them out of school
President Eisenhower sent in the 101st Airborne
to enforce the federal ruling
Ernest Green was the first African American
to graduate from Little Rock High
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1962 the Supreme Court ruled Air Force
veteran James Meredith be allowed to attend
the University of Mississippi
President Kennedy sent in federal troops to
escort James Meredith to class and 5,000
troops to calm the riots
He was the first African American to graduate
from the University of Mississippi
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Alabama Governor George Wallace opposed
the integration of the University of Alabama
Eventually he was forced to comply with
federal law
He ran for president in 1968 and 1972 but lost
He was shot and paralyzed in 1972
He later apologized for his racists views
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Brown v. Board
Little Rock Nine
James Meredith
George Wallace
Songs of the Civil Rights Movement lyrics
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Segregation led to a third political party in the
South
Dixiecrats: political party that supported
segregation
The party had strong support at first in the
South, but later lost power as the Republican
party began to adopt many policies supported
by southern Democrats
Martin Luther King Jr.
and
Non-Violent Protests
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December 1, 1955 Rosa Parks was arrested for
not giving up her seat to a white man on the bus
NAACP leaders organized the Montgomery
Improvement Association and chose Dr. Martin
Luther King Jr. to lead a boycott of public
transportation in Montgomery, Alabama
The boycott lasted over 1 year
1956 the Supreme Court ruled to integrate the
buses in Montgomery
The victory made Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
the leader of the Civil Rights Movement
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M.L.K. Was influenced by the non-violent
teachings of Ghandi
Ghandi taught civil disobedience as a nonviolent refusal to obey laws
M.L.K. encouraged protesters of the Civil
Rights Movement to use non-violence in the
fight for equality
April 4, 1968 Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was
shot and killed in Memphis, Tennessee
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MLK
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February 1, 1960 four North Carolina A&T
University students sat at a whites only lunch
counter and waited to be served
Sit-in: non-violent protest of sitting in a
segregated area until served
Sit-in protesters across the country were kicked,
hit, burned with cigarettes, spit on, and arrested
April 1960 students at Shaw University formed
the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
(SNCC): devoted to the use of nonviolent protests
to demand civil rights equality
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1960 the Supreme Court ruled that segregation in
interstate bus terminals was unconstitutional
1961 Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) organized
Freedom Rides to test the Court’s decision
CORE: organization devoted to social change through
non-violent action
Summer 1961 Freedom Riders road bussed through the
south to integrate bus stations
Riders were beaten and the busses were bombed in
Aniston, Alabama
In Jackson, Mississippi Riders were arrested
Freedom Rides brought national attention to the
abuses in the South and the fight for civil rights
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Sit-ins
Freedom Rides
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Civil rights leaders planned a march on the nation’s
capital to pressure leaders to pass civil rights
legislation
August 28, 1963 Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. led
200,000 protesters in the March on Washingtonhe spoke to the crowd at the Lincoln Memorial- it
was 100 years after the Emancipation Proclamation
and African Americans still did not have equality
He spoke of a day when black and white people
could live together peacefully
One month later the KKK bombed the Sixteenth
Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama and
killed 4 little girls getting ready for Sunday
School
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After the March on Washington President
Kennedy proposed civil rights legislation
After his assassination President Johnson
supported the movement and urged Congress to
pass the laws in honor of President Kennedy
Civil Rights Act of 1964: prohibited
segregation in public accommodations and
discrimination in education and employment
24th Amendment: outlawed poll taxes
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March 1965 protesters marched in Selma,
Alabama to protest voting rights abuses
Bloody Sunday: 500 marchers were attacked
and beaten by police as they peacefully crossed
the Edmund Pettis Bridge
2 weeks later 3,000 marchers crossed the
bridge in protest
300 marchers walked 54 miles to Montgomery,
Alabama
In Montgomery Dr. King led a rally of 40,000
people
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Voting Rights Act 1965: ended voting abuses
like literacy tests, allowed the use of federal
troops to register voters if necessary
The Voting Rights Act and the 24th Amendment
are two HUGE victories for the Civil Rights
Movement- it was always the belief of the
Movement that legislation was needed to make
a change
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Bloody Sunday
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President Johnson supported the Civil Rights
Movement
He supported policies that fought against de facto
segregation (caused by social and economic
circumstances rather than law)
He developed a Great Society policy to help the
Movement
Affirmative Action: policy where minorities are
given special consideration for jobs or education to
help them catch up to the advantages white people
had been given in the past
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By 1965 many African Americans were
frustrated by the slow pace of change in the
Civil Rights Movement
Many people began to cal for more aggressive
action
Nation of Islam: combined Islam with the
militant African American message- preached
white people were devils who enslaved nonwhites
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Malcolm X: joined nation of Islam in prisonpreached minorities should use “any means
necessary” to gain equality
1964 Malcolm X left the Nation of Islam
He went on a pilgrimage to the Islamic Holy city of
Mecca, Saudi Arabia- he saw black and white
Muslims praying together
When he returned to the U.S. he no longer
preached that all white people were evil and called
for blacks and whites to work together peacefully
The Nation of Islam considered him a traitor
February 21, 1965 Malcolm X was assassinated by
three African American men
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Some members of SNCC began to reject non-violence
because they considered them too slow and ineffective
The militant group took over SNCC under the leadership
of Stokely Carmichael: called for Black Power: included
pride in African heritage, separate black economic and
political institutions, self-defense against white
violence, and sometimes violent revolution
Black Panthers: fought to end de jour and de facto
segregation- advocated African Americans lead their
own communities and demanded the government rebuild
ghettos
Panthers were sometimes violent, but gave aid to the
poor and urban African Americans
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Objective 11.03: Identify major social
movements including, but not limited to, those
involving women, young people, and the
environment,
and evaluate the impact of these movements in
the United States’ society.
Essential Questions:
• To what extent did social movements in America
impact women, young people, and the environment?
• How effective are challenges to authority in
bringing about change?
• How is America different because of the social
movements which took place between 1945-1980?
Major Social
Movements
Between
1945 and 1980
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In the 1950’s young people began to listen to new
forms of music to break away from the traditions
of their parents
Rock-n-Roll music developed
Elivs Presley became very popular by introducing
the sounds of black rhythm and blues and new
dance moves to white teenagers
Counter Culture: movement of young people who
wanted to defy traditional institutions of America
like government, religion, schools and even their
parents
British Invasion: popular long-haired bands from
England like the Beatles and the Rolling Stones
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Woodstock Music and Art Fair: 1969 New
York- thousands of people went to the concertfestival to promote peace, hear the latest
bands, use drugs, and be free
Most Americans were shocked by what they
saw happened at Woodstock on the news
It was a loud symbol of the divide in culture in
American at the time
Haight-Ashbury: San Francisco districtdefined the hippie counterculture- famous for
drug use and musical artists that lived there
Causes
and
Movements
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The United Farm Workers: founded by Cesar
Chavez- supported the rights of migrant farm
workers
Chavez used non-violent protests and hunger
strikes
Famous boycott of California table grapesresulted in 1970 labor agreement between
growers and workers
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American Indian Movement (AIM): fought for
the rights of Native Americans- drew attention
to Native American concerns and helped bring
about legislation intended to aid Native
Americans
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In the 1950’s TV and advertisements portrayed
women as being happy at home taking care of
the children, cooking and cleaning
Women were expected to follow strict social
and moral rules not put on men
1963 Betty Friedan wrote a book called the
Feminine Mystique- talked about her own
experience of giving up her career for her
family- suggested the idea of women only being
happy in the home was a myth
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Betty Friedan’s ideas helped launch the Women’s
Movement: Women’s Liberation rejected
traditional gender roles and advocated equality
between men and women
Friedan founded the National Organization for
Women (NOW): was devoted to “action to bring
American women into full participation in the
mainstream of American society now”
NOW attacked media advertising and images that
it saw as reinforcing traditional stereotypes about
women- supported political candidates that
supported women’s equality
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Gloria Steinem: founded Ms. Magazinefocused on issues of the Women’s Movement
Phyllis Schlafly: did not support the Women’s
Movement- thought the Women’s Movement
would destroy family values- many American
women supported her opinion
1972 an Equal Rights Amendment was passed
by Congress and sent to the states for
ratification- it was very controversial- many
women and men felt ERA went too far- the
amendment was not ratified
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Roe v. Wade: Supreme Court ruled abortion is
legal in all 50 states
This is one of the most controversial decisions
in the history of the Supreme Court
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Environmental Movement: goal to protect the
environment- helped to create the
Environmental protection Agency (EPA): sets
national pollution control standards
Clean Air Act: controls air pollution
Clean water Act: regulates industrial
wastewater
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Objective 11.04: Identify the causes of the
United States’ involvement in Vietnam and
examine how this involvement affected
society.
Essential Questions:
• What impact did the Vietnam War have on
the United States?
• What political, social, and economic factors
led to US involvement in the Vietnam conflict?
• How does a government’s response to political
events and situations affect the nation?
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The Geneva Accord of 1954 left Vietnam
divided into two countries
Vietnam: country in Southeast Asia
Ho Chi Minh: leader of Communists North
Vietnam
Ngo Dinh Diem: corrupt leader of South
Vietnam- supported by the U.S.
The two countries went to war
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The U.S. sent military advisors to South Vietnam to
help stop the spread of Communism from the
North
Viet Cong: Communist rebels from North Vietnam
1963 Diem was overthrown and killed
The U.S. needed to remove our military personnel
out of South Vietnam
President Johnson vowed not to lose Vietnam to
Communists although that meant increasing U.S.
involvement in Vietnam
William McNamara: Secretary of Defense
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President Johnson announced that North Vietnam
attacked two U.S. ships in the Gulf of Tonkin
Some people were suspicious if Johnson had told
the whole truth about the incident
Johnson used the incident to pass the Gulf of
Tonkin Resolution: gave the president authority to
“take all necessary measures to repel any armed
attack against the forces of the United States…”
Why is it important?
It gave Johnson power to take action in Vietnam
without approval from Congress
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Ho Chi Minh Trail: route used to get supplies to
rebels in South Vietnam
Operation Rolling Thunder: to cut off supplies
President Johnson bombed North Vietnamdestroyed bridges, supplies, and villages- killed
many civilians
Problem: President Johnson was afraid of
offending China and Russia who supported North
Vietnam so he did not bomb certain targets that
could have destroyed North Vietnamese supplies
and possibly helped to end the war sooner
Johnson was criticized for seeming to be willing to
send troops to battle, but not willing to help them
win
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General William Westmoreland: commander of
U.S. forces in Vietnam
After Rolling Thunder Westmoreland requested
more troops be sent to Vietnam
The U.S. was now in a war with Vietnam
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Technology in the War:
Agent Orange: herbicide dropped to kill plants
in the jungle to allow soldiers to move- killed all
crops needed for civilians to survive- found to
cause cancer
Napalm: chemical- like a fireball dropped from
the sky- could destroy large areas as it burned
out of control- would stick to people’s clothes
and burn them alive
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January 1968 Tet Offensive: North
Vietnamese and Viet Cong attack against the
United States and South Vietnam
Why is it important?
Showed that the North could launch a
coordinated attack- left psychological damage
on the South and the U.S. even though the
North lost the battle
People in the U.S. began to question how the
government was handling the War and if our
soldiers should even be there fighting
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In the city of Hue the North slaughtered
between 3,000 and 5,000 people from the
South
My Lai: massacre- U.S. soldiers were guilty of
wartime atrocities- U.S. soldiers killed between
175 and 400 civilians- many were women,
children and the elderly- a U.S. helicopter crew
saw what was happening and stopped the attack
People called for an end to U.S. involvement in
Vietnam
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President Nixon began a policy of
Vietnamization: a plan for South Vietnamese
soldiers to take the place of U.S. soldiers in
the War
He planned to withdraw troops from Vietnam
but continued to bomb to stop the spread of
Communism
Nixon bombed North Vietnam, Cambodia, and
Laos
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Paris Peace Accords: document that officially
ended U.S. involvement in the Vietnam war
April 29, 1975 the U.S. used helicopters to
evacuate of the South Vietnam capital of
Saigon
April 30, 1975 the North forced the South to
surrender their capital of Saigon
Vietnam was controlled by Communists
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Opinions over the issue of the Vietnam War divided the
nation
Some people believed we needed to stop Communism
even if it meant going to war- they were upset by the
government not doing enough to end the war quickly
Other people believed it was wrong to be involved in the
business of Vietnam- they did not feel it was our place
to get involved in another country’s problems
President Johnson was caught in the middle- he was
under so much pressure that he decided not to run for
re-election in 1968
Nixon won the 1968 election
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Americans protested the U.S. invasion of
Cambodia
A protest at Kent State University turned
violent
Students attacked businesses and burned the
ROTC building on campus
Ohio governor sent in the National Guard to
calm the protest
Students threw rocks at the Guardsmen
The National Guard fired at the students- 4
people were killed- 9 injured
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Pentagon Papers: New York Times newspaper
published papers of a study that had been ordered
by McNamara- documented that the Executive
Branch lied to Congress about the Warpresidents had made military decisions that were
not given proper approval through checks and
balances
◦ public support for the war fell
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The government sued the New York Times
New York Times Co. v. U.S: Supreme Court
ruled in favor of the Times- under the First
Amendment they had the right to publish the
story- ruled that the lies told by the Executive
Branch were unconstitutional
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26th Amendment: lowered voting age to 18
◦ People argued if 18 year olds were old enough to die
for the country they were old enough to vote
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War Powers Act: states that if the president
sends troops overseas he/she must notify
Congress within 48 hours
◦ If Congress does not approve the deployment within 6
days the troops must return home
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Objective 11.05: Examine the impact of
technological innovations that have impacted
American life.
Essential Questions:
• How do technological changes alter the lives
of individuals?
• How does innovation impact a nation?
• What technological innovation has had the
greatest impact on American life?
Effects of
Technological Innovations
Following WWII
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The distrust between the U.S. and the Soviet
Union forced each side to create bigger and
more destructive weapons
The Soviets created Intercontinental Ballistic
Missiles (ICBMs): used to transport weapons
◦ 1957 Sputnik: the first artificial satellite to orbit the
earth
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In response the U.S. entered a Space Race to
catch up top the Soviet technology and space
travel
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1958 Congress passed the National Defense
Education Act: provided aid for education an
focused on boosting the study of science, math,
and foreign languages- intended to move the U.S.
ahead of the Soviets in the space race
1961 Soviets launched the first manned space
flight and orbited the earth
President Kennedy vowed to beat the Soviets to
the moon
NASA: National Aeronautics and Space Agency
John Glen: first American man launched into orbit
Neil Armstrong: first man to walk on the moon
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Atomic energy began to be seen as a positive
alternative energy source
1957 the nation created its first Nuclear Power
Plant
Wartime research led to the development of
computers and calculators that could be used in
business and government
It was much later when people began to use them
for personal use
Silicon Valley: center for computer and technology
development in America- located in California
Leisure,
Entertainment,
and Travel
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Most people had a radio in their homes
Radios were used for entertainment and as
source for news and information
In the 1950’s radios were made smaller and
could be carried around
This allowed them to be a source for teenagers
to hear Rock-n-Roll
Radios played a key role in the development of
the Youth Movement
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Television became popular after WWII
The popularity of TV influenced the rise of
consumerism in the 1950’s
Advertisers were able to reach more people and
show them products to buy
Politics changed with Television
People could hear and see politicians as they spoke,
debated and met other world leaders
News coverage of racism in the South had a big
influence on people from across the country calling
for an end to segregation
News coverage of the Vietnam War shaped public
opinion
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Microwaves were developed in the 1950’s
By the 1960’s they were cheap enough for
people to have in their homes
Food could be cooked faster- this helped
change the role of women in the nation
Women no longer were forced to stay in the
kitchen for long period of time cooking- now
they could cook a quick dinner and have more
time for other activities
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With commercial jet travel people could travel
and meet for business around the country more
easily and quickly
This new surge in travel created a need to build
more hotels and rental car companies
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Objective 11.06: Identify political events and
the actions and reactions of the government
official and citizens, and assess the social and
political consequences.
Essential Questions:
• How does a government’s response to political
events and situations impact the nation?
• What social and political consequences resulted
from the actions of the government between 1945
and 1980?
• Why is change so difficult for some people?
Efforts to
Promote Peace,
Prosperity, and
Relief
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President Kennedy established the Peace Corps
to help nations work together peacefully
Peace Corps: sent U.S. volunteers abroad to
developing nations as educators, health
workers, engineers, technicians, etc.
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New Frontier: domestic policies for the nation
established by President Kennedy
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Money for poor urban areas
Increase in the minimum wage
Increase in Social Security benefits
Increase health insurance benefits
Money for education
Cut taxes
Congress did not approve many of his ideas
President Johnson won passage of the Civil Rights
bills and tax cuts that President Kennedy had
supported before he was assassinated
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Great Society: President Johnson’s program for social
reform
◦ He started a “War on Poverty”- to fight the causes of
poverty
◦ VISTA: President Johnson’s plan to get volunteers to work in
poor communities in the U.S.
◦ Medicare: medical assistance for the elderly
◦ Medicaid: medical assistance for the poor
◦ Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965: aid to
states with high poverty rates
 Began Head Start to help pre-school children get ready for school
◦ The Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD):
oversees housing needs
◦ National Endowment for the Humanities: gives money to
supports the arts and scholarships
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Many events made people get involved in social
change in the 1960’s
Vietnam, Women’s Movement, Civil Rights
Television brought these issues to everyone's
attention across the country
On college campuses students started Students
for a Democratic Society: protested and
called for changes to stop poverty, inequality,
and the Vietnam War
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Democratic National Convention 1968:
Demonstrations got out of control as activists
protested the Democratic nomination of
Hubert Humphrey for president and the failure
of a Vietnam peace resolution to pass at the
convention
Police came in and beat the protesters
Much of the violence was caught on television
cameras
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Watergate Scandal: 5 men were arrested for
breaking into the democratic National
Headquarters in the Watergate office complexthey had planned to wiretap the phones so
Republicans could hear their conversations
Although President Nixon did not know about the
plan, he did participate in the cover-up of the
crime
Two reporters form the Washington Post
Newspaper broke the story- Bob Woodward and
Carl Bernstein
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The senate established the Watergate
Committee to investigate the crime
North Carolina senator Sam Ervin was the
chairman of the Committee
President Nixon’s person counsel, John Dean,
testified that Nixon knew about the cover-up
One of Nixon’s aids revealed the president had
taped conversations proving he knew about the
crime
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The President was told to turn over the tapes as
evidence
Nixon refused saying he did not have to do it
because as president it because he was president
United States v. Nixon: Supreme Court ruled
Nixon had to hand over the tapes
The White House turned over the tapes with 18 ½
minutes erased from one tape
There was still enough evidence on the tapes to
hurt the president
August 1974 president Nixon resigned from office
to avoid an impeachment and guilty verdict
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1973 President Nixon’s Vice President, Spiro
Agnew, resigned from office
25th Amendment: if the office of vice president
become vacant the president may appoint a new
vice president with the approval of the House and
Senate
President Nixon appointed Gerald Ford to be Vice
President
1974 President Nixon resigned from office
Gerald Ford became president
President Gerald Ford is the only president in
history to become president and vice president
without being elected to either office