Section 1 Vocabulary Pretest
1. Genetics
2. Heredity
3. Trait
4. Pollination
5. Self-pollination
6. Cross-pollination
Genetics
7. True-breeding
8. P generation
9. F1 generation
10. F2 generation
11. Dominant
12. Recessive
13. Law of Segregation
14. Law of Independent Assortment
15. Molecular Genetics
16. Allele
* Genetics is the ____________ of how traits are passed from parents to offspring
*________________ is the actual passing of traits from parents to offspring.
(Thus, _______________ is the study of _________________).
*A ______________ is a genetically determined variant of a characteristic.
Ex: ___________________
*___________________________ is known as the father of modern genetics
1. _______________________________________ born is 1822
2. Experimented with ___________________________________
3. Presented the first paper on genetic research titled, _____________________
_________________________________________
4. Chose pea plants because: a. They can ________________________ producing pure plants b. Mendel could easily ____________________________, allowing him to
select parent plants. c. Easy to grow ______________________ of plants, making experiments
statistically valid. d. Many _____________________ could be studied e. Mendel studied 7 characteristics and 14 observable traits

Mendel’s Experiments
*In all his experiments, he started with
______________________________
1.
Produced by allowing plants to
______________________ for several generations so that
they are _________________________
2. Called them the ________________________ (parent generation)
3. Then he _____________________ to get the ____________________ (1 st filial)
4. These were allowed to ______________________ to produce the
___________________ (second filial)
*Mendel obtained true-breeding plants for all
_________________________. In all of his
experiments, patterns began to emerge:
1.
Only ________________________ appeared in the F1 generation
2.
The second trait _______________ in the F2 generation
3.
The ratio was _________________
__________________________________
**See chart on page 176
*Mendel concluded that the traits were controlled by _________________________________
*We now call these factors “_______________”
*Alleles can be either __________________________________________
1. ____________________________ can hide alleles for other traits. Use
_________________ to represent them
2. ___________________________ can be hidden. Use ____________________
to represent them
*All traits seen in the F1 generation were _________________________
*All traits that __________________ in the F2 generations were ________________

Mendel’s Laws
*___________________________________--states that a pair of alleles is separated
during the formation of gametes
*___________________________________--factors for __________________________
are not necessarily connected. Therefore, they _____________________________
during the formation of gametes.
Section 2 Vocabulary Pretest
1. Genotype
2. Phenotype
3. Homozygous
4. Heterozygous
5. Probability
6. Monohybrid Cross
7. Punnett Square
8. Genotypic Ratio
9. Phenotypic Ration
10. Dihybrid Cross
11. Test cross
12. Complete Dominance
13. Incomplete Dominance
14. Codominance
Phenotype and Genotype
*___________________--an organism’s appearance
Ex: Phenotype for flower color: Purple or White
*__________________--an organism’s genetic make-up
Ex: Genotype for Purple Flowers: ________________
Genotype for White Flowers: ________
Homozygous and Heterozygous
*Homozygous--_________________________________________________________
Ex: Homozygous white = __________
Homozygous purple = __________
*Heterozygous-- ________________________________________________________
Ex: Heterozygous purple = _________

Probability
*Probability is the likelihood that a __________________________________
*Probability is calculated by the following equation:
*Ex: Mendel grew 705 purple plants and 224 white plants. What is the probability that a
tall plant will appear in a similar cross?
Monohybrid Crosses
*Monohybrid Crosses—only _________ characteristic is tracked
*A tool used to predict the outcome of different types of monohybrid crosses is called a
_________________________ (Named for ________________________)
Ex: TT x tt (Pure tall plants x Pure short plants)
Ex: Tt x Tt (Hybrid tall x Hybrid tall)

*A testcross is performed when you are not sure if an organisms showing a dominant
trait is _________________________________ for the trait.
**To find out, it is crossed with a _______________________________.
If even one _________________________________, then the unknown was
_________________.
Incomplete Dominance
*Incomplete Dominance occurs when offspring have a phenotype that is
_____________________ that of the two parents. Ex: Red X White = Pink
*Punnett Squares for incomplete dominance are the same, except that the
______________________ individuals will have a ___________________________
Ex: Pink Flower x Pink Flower
Codominance
*Codominance occurs when both alleles in a pair are expressed but ________________
*_____________________ is an example
1. Three alleles (_______________) are involved in determining blood type.
However, you still only inherit two ( ___________________________)
2.
A and B are both _______________: O is _____________________
3.
Type ____________ has one genotype: _______ (both alleles are expressed and blood cells will have both A and B antigens on them)
4.
Type ____________ has two possible genotypes: ________________
5.
Type ____________ has two possible genotypes: ________________
6.
Type ____________ has only one genotype: _________

Dihybrid Crosses
*Dihybrid Cross—shows ___________________________________.
*Example: RrYy x RrYy (heterozygous round and yellow seeds)
R = round r = wrinkled Y = yellow y = green