EKONOMI POLITIK
DESENTRALISASI
Irfan Ridwan Maksum
Desentralisasi membawa adanya
otonomi daerah dalam sebuah
negara bangsa
Makna
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Perspektif ekonomi-politik institusi
pemerintahan daerah.
Dampak ekonomi dan dampak politik
pelaksanaan desentralisasi (otonomi daerah)
Pendekatan ekonomi terhadap pelaksanaan
desentralisasi (otonomi daerah).
Pendekatan politik terhadap pelaksanaan
otonomi daerah.
Perspektif public choice dalam pemerintahan
daerah.
a. Ekonomi Politik Pemda
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Pemda dapat merupakan perpanjangan
tangan Pemerintah sebagai agen kapitalis
(Marksis)
Pemda merupakan alat pendemokrasian
(pluralis-public choice)
Pemda merupakan alat pemberi layanan
bagi masyarakat yang efektif (Weberian)
MARXISM
1. INSTRUMENTALIS
COCKBURN (1977):
“LOCAL GOVERNMENT IS NOTHING MORE THAN AN
EXTENSIVE OF THE CENTRAL STATE, DESIGNED TO
ENSURE THE CONDITIONS THROUGH WHICH
CAPITALISM CAN BE PRODUCED LOCALITY”
C.2. STRUCTURALIST
CASTELLO (1977):
“THE LOCAL STATE, IS ULTIMATELY SEEN AS A MEANS OF
ORGANIZING “COLLECTIVE CONSUMPTIONS”, IN
ESSENCE PUBLIC SERVICE SUCH AS HEALTH,
EDUCATION, HOUSING, AND PUBLIC TRANSPORT
WHICH PLAYS A DUAL ROLE OF ENSURING CAPITALIST
REPRODUCTION AND APPEARING SOCIAL CONFLICT”.
Pluralis
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“ON THE BASIS OF THIS ANALYSIS HE
SUGGESTED THAT LOCAL POLITICAL
SYSTEM WAS CHARACTERIZED BY A SET OF
DISPERSAL INEQUALITIES, WHEREBY
DIFFERENT INDIVIDUALS AND GROUPINGS
OF WHICH WILL VARY SIGNIFICANTLY FROM
ONE POLICY AREA TO ANOTHER. THUS, IT
IS IMPOSSIBLE FOR ANY SINGLE GROUP TO
DOMINATE LOCAL GOVERNMENT DECISION
MAKING”
Lanjutan
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“AS A RESULT, POLITICAL OUTCOMES ALWAYS
TEND TO REFLECT THE VIEWS OF THE MAJORITY
AND ARE PRODUCED VIA CHANGE THAT
CONSTITUTE THE RELATIONS OF LEADERS AND
CITIZENS IN PLURALIST DEMOCRACY”
“CLEARLY, PLURALISM PRESENTS A HIGHLY
SANGUINE VIEW OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT. IT
ASSUMES THAT LOCAL DECISION MAKING SYSTEM
IS OPEN AND TRANSPARENT AND THAT IT WILL,
DESPITE ITS COMPLEZ CHARACTER. ALWAYS BE
RESPONSIVE TO THE WILL OF THE MAJORITY”
b. Dampak ekonomi dan Politik
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Dampak ekonomi dihitung
melalui tingkat kesejahteraan,
pertumbuhan ekonomi, dan
keberlanjutan pembangunan.
Seringkali diukur dengan net
income per capita, PDRB, GNP,
GDP dan ukuran ekonomi
lainnya.
Lanjutan
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Dampak politik biasanya
ditentukan melalui indeks gini,
keadilan, pemerataan
pembangunan, askes masyarakat
bawah, demokrasi dan partisipasi,
kemandirian, kebebasan dan
transparansi
Seringkali digambarkan melalui
pengembangan institusi demokrasi
OECD (2004)
DAMPAK POLITIK DARI DESENTRALISASI
TERHADAP KEMISKINAN
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Political or democratic
decentralization is expected to offer
citizens the possibility of increased
participation in local decisionmaking processes, from which they
have generally been excluded
through lack of sufficient
representation or organization.
lanjutan
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Improved representation of
formerly excluded people in local
municipalities could, in turn, give
the poor better access to local
public services and social security
schemes, reducing vulnerability
and insecurity.
Lanjutan
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In ethnically divided countries,
decentralization could also
offer a way to share the power
between local ethnic groups,
thereby establishing grounds
for political consensus and
stability.
lanjutan
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A stabilized political system
offers a foundation for the poor
to build up their life and to
begin investing. More
generally, it can also
contribute to a reduction in
their vulnerability to shocks
DAMPAK EKONOMI DARI DESENTRALISASI
TERHADAP KEMISKINAN
With respect to the economic
channel, decentralization is
expected to have a strong and
positive impact on poverty
through increased efficiency
and better targeting of services
lanjutan
Enhanced efficiency in service
provision could directly
improve poor people’s access
to education, health, water,
sewage and electricity, highly
important poverty-related
concerns
Lanjutan
Delegating power and resources to the
local level may also lead to better
targeting of the poor. A more
decentralized framework to identify and
monitor programs and projects could not
only help to reduce costs but also to
reach those most in need.
In addition, it would enable greater
responsiveness to local needs.
REKOMENDASI --lanjutan
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In these countries, pro-poor
effects can be achieved if the
weakness of the state is tackled
by:
— supporting de-concentration
as a first step towards
decentralization;
lanjutan
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— supporting community
participation and capacity building
of local stakeholders; and
— promoting further research on
best practices of how
decentralization can be designed in
a pro-poor manner.
c. Pendekatan Ekonomi terhadap
pelaksanaan Desentralisasi (otonomi
daerah)
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Sentralisasi membuat daerah-daerah kaya
dalam sebuah negara harus kehilangan
benefit tetapi daerah-daerah miskin
mendapatkan benefit. Sedangkan
desentralisasi dapat merasakan lebih banyak
benefit.
Secara politik, sentralisasi membuat daerahdaerah kaya kurang terdorong untuk
mengembangkan potensinya, sedangkan
desentralisasi membuat lebih terdorong untuk
menggali potensinya.
d. Pendekatan Politik dalam
desentralisasi (James Manor)
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Menguraikan dampak desentralisasi terhadap
pembangunan perdesaan (pertanian) di
sejumlah negara khususnya negara-negara
berkembang dan negara-negara terbelakang
Elemen kepemimpinan nasional terkait
dengan sentralisasi dan desentralisasi cukup
menentukan keberhasilan desentralisasi di
suatu negara
Elemen elit lokal menentukan pula bagi
keberhasilan program-program desentralisasi
di negara terbelakang dan berkembang.
Rosenbloom dan Kravchuk (2005)
“The orthodox approach to public organization
addresses the question of centralization versus
decentralization from the perspective of efficiency
and economy. Decentralization in the sense of
establishing field office and regional office is
considered useful in making government service
available to the citizenry. But decentralization also
complicates coordination and control of
administrative units. Hence, a balance must be
struck at some point.”
Smith (1986)
“…why institutional political action seems inevitably
to create centralization,…”
“First, organizations are in their very nature
coordinating mechanisms…Secondly, and a point
closely related to the way in which public policy
itself creates spatial politics,…and other dependent
categories have to be translated into a central
institutional language,…Thirdly, hierarchy is
important for understanding centralization…Fourth,
the ‘monocratic’ peaks of pyramidal organizations
are spatially centered in urban, core and capital
locations. This emphasized the political significance
of centrality.”
Samoff (1990)
“In part, the debate about decentralization
has to do with the appropriate balance
centralized authority and local initiative.
…That is, decentralization was a strategy
for extending central authority by
depoliticizing the local populace, by
controlling the actions of local government
institutions, and by socializing a
‘collaborative political leadership’.
Lanjutan
“Although the limited devolution that
occurred may eventually provide
some political maneuvering room for
local activities, in the short term
decentralization was intended to
deflect protest from the national to
local government and thereby
reinforce central authority.”
e. Public Choice desentralisasi
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Di level Pusat terdapat aktor-aktor: Pemerintah
Pusat yang terdiri dari berbagai departemen,
Aktor Pebisnis Nasional dan Internasional,
aktor lembaga donor internasional, pemerintah
negara lain, tokoh politik nasional, NGO’s
Nasional dan Internasional
Di level lokal terdiri dari Pebisnis lokal, birokrat
lokal, tokoh masyarakat, tokoh politik lokal,
NGO’s lokal, dan masyarakat lokal
Di setiap bidang permasalahan sampai pada
pemerintahan daerah secara umum, dan dari
formulasi kebijakan sampai pengawasan.
Pendekatan Bromley --simplifikasi
Tergantung dari lingkup persoalan
pemerintahan daerah, dapat diamati secara
kelembagaan pola interaksi antar aktor dalam
pelaksanaan desnetralisasi melalui berbagai
level pengamatan berikut:
 Level institusional
 Level organisasi
 Level operasi
 Level interaksi individu (aktor-aktor organisasi
pelaksana dan stakeholder)