Management definitions
1. The process of planning, organizing, leading and
controlling the work of organizational members and
of using all the available organizational resources to
reach stated organizational goals (Stonner &
Freeman 1992)
2. The process whereby human, financial, physical and
informational resources are employed for the
attainment of organizational objectives (Smit,
Cronje, Brevis, & Vrba 2011)
Definition of key terms
• A manager maybe the owner or founder of an organization;
or maybe an operator hired by an organization to give it
direction
• An organization is a consciously coordinated social unit,
composed of two or more people that function on a relatively
continuous basis to achieve a common goal (Robbins et al
2007).
Management levels
a)
•
•
•
•
Top managers
These are strategic planners of an organization.
They are responsible for formulating organizations’
goals, vision and mission statements.
They establish operating policies and guide the
organization’s interaction with its stakeholders.
Examples:
Management levels cont...
b) Middle managers
• These ensure that lower level managers implement
set policies.
• They are usually in charge of divisions or large
departments and sometimes responsible for
operative employees.
• Examples:
Management levels cont...
c) Lower level managers
• These are in charge of smaller work units composed
of hands-on workers.
• First-line managers ensure that their teams meet
performance objectives consistent with the plans of
middle and top management.
Management skills
a) Conceptual skills
• Ability to analyse and comprehend abstract ideas
and apply them to specific situations.
• The mental capacity to see how different parts of the
organization fit together and depend on each other.
• Managers may acquire these skills through job
experience personal traits, formal training.
Management skills cont...
Technical skills
• The ability to use tools, procedures or techniques of
a specialised field.
• Managers acquire these skills through formal
education and further develop them through
training and job experience.
Management skills cont...
c) Human skills
• The ability to work well with others; to understand
and motivate them as individuals or groups.
• Some managers are naturally born with great human
skills, while others improve their skills through
experience.
Managers’ skills levels
Top
C
Middle
C
Lower
C
H
H
H
T
T
T