Brynn Cauffman, Spencer Cox,
Taryn Crews, Michael Grizzle,
Hannah Ives, Tina Roren,
Yesenia Saldivar
 One
of the most famous sites on the campus
of Tianjin University … is a stone engraved
with a copy of the very first diploma. … Next
to the date on the diploma, 1900, the
graduate’s name is printed, along with the
names of his father, grandfather, and greatgrandfather. … The diploma speaks volumes
about the strength of family tradition in
Chinese society. Like any individual in
Chinese society, the graduate exists primarily
in the context of his family. His achievements
belong to them all.
 Traditional
Buddhist Temple’s
• Different images of the Buddha
 Fierce-looking Warriors
• Rough-looking beards and mustaches, and the
carry large swords
 GLOBE
study
• Have demonstrated, it is possible to cluster
countries into groups that are similar to one
another in terms of language, religion, and
geographical closeness
 The
Family Altar
 No equivalent word for privacy
• Stress the importance of the group rather than
the individual
 The
word “I”
• Has a negative connotation
 The
specific aspects of the altar are:
• Roundness, symbolizing the continuity and
structural completeness of the family
• Harmony within the family and the broader
society
• Fluidity or the capacity to change while
maintaining solid traditions
 The
Chinese expatriate
• Faced discrimination and resentment in
Indonesia and Malaysia
 Indonesian
Government
• Assumed control of major Chinese companies
valued in the billions
 In
Malaysia
• Chinese cannot be the CEO of a company
seeking government contracts
 Hong
Kong
• 95% of whose citizens are Chinese, population of
7.1 million, and occupies only a small area of 412
square miles
• Due to increased success of businesses
executives were forced to build “vertical
factories” housed in tall buildings
 The
Altar
• Is the “ties that bind” a dispersed family and
serves as a focal point for viewing an extended
family as including the living, the dead, and
those as yet unborn.
• Very helpful in providing insight into the values,
attitudes, and behaviors of the Chinese today,
wherever they may live.
 Problems
with roundness.
• Can’t bear children
• Chinese Law
• Premature death
 Inequality
of Sexes
 Polygamy
 Chinese
Business
 Limited Growth
 Non-family members
 Long-term
perspective
• 10, 20, 100-year increments
 Confucian
Dynamic
• Long-term orientation
• Protestant ethic
• Louis Kraar
 System
of Bao-Jia
• Arranged by neighborhoods & districts
• Unit Leaders
A
person exists only in relation to others.
 Layers of Guanxi
• People and ancestors
• People from the same village
• Members of the family
• Family and close associates
 Contracts
in Chinese Culture
 Chinese and the use of banks
 “Spacemen”
 Working
with non-Chinese businessmen
 Guanxi Limitations
• Developed slowly
• Excludes individuals who provide new business
opportunities
• At odds with the contract-based business
 Second
Characteristic of the family altar
 “The Japanese Garden”
 Harmonious Family
 Most common prayer
 Chinese belief in luck and fate
 Third
characteristic of the family altar
 Capacity to change while maintaining
solid traditions.
 Reflects the Chinese relation-orientation
 Innovative and Entrepreneurial
• Science and Civilization in China
 Prayer
to gods and goddesses
 Roundness
• Han= the largest cultural group
 Harmony
• 400 ethnic groups
 Fluidity
• Dynasties in Chinese history
• Endless cycle of renewal and decline
 Population of 4.3 million
 Population density of 6,729 (U.S- 32)
 Very poor country 50 years ago however
now is the leading banking and finance
center
 GDP of $24,840, 29th in the world
 One of the world’s most prosperous
countries
 World’s busiest port
 People usually see Singapore as a very
friendly country and have a positive
experience upon visiting
 Venue
with wide variety of traditional
ethnic foods
 Each center is a collection of at least 20
food stalls at the same location
 Casual/ informal atmosphere
 Unique aspect of Singapore’s culture
 In
the 1950s and 1960s the centers were
operating under unhygienic conditions
• Lack of piped water and cook stations
 Government
developed a plan to build
designated areas for hawkers
 Census in 1968 and 1969 registered
18,000 street hawkers
• Hawking licenses eliminated illegal hawking
 In
1970 government began to relocate street
hawkers
• New centers equipped with proper facilities for
cooking and efficient drainage systems
 By
February 1986 all street hawkers were
completely relocated
 In 2000 there were 139 centers with 17,331
stalls
 In 2007 there were 113 centers with 6,000
cooked food stalls
 All centers are licensed by the ENV
 Modern
Singapore began in 1819 when Sir
Stamford Raffles claimed the island
 In 1832 Singapore was established as the
Straits Settlement and became as separate
British crown colony in 1867
 During WWII the Japanese occupied the
nation and renamed Syonan-to (“Light of the
Island”)
 In 1946 Singapore became a British crown
colony
 In 1963 Singapore, Sarawak and North
Borneo formed Malaysia
 In
1965 Singapore became an
independent nation
 Singapore initiated a massive
industrialization project of economic
restructuring
 Confucian ideals employed by Chinese
 Hawker
Centers have Chinese, Malay,
Peranakan, Indian and international food
 Government encourages ethnic groups to
intermingle
 Stall holders have to work together and
behave responsibly
 Nation
before community and society
before self
 Family as the basic unit of society
 Community support and respect for the
individual
 Consensus, not confliction
 Racial and religions harmony
 Local
term “Kiasu-ness”
 “Singlish” miss of English and common
Chinese phrases
 Military training contributes to
cooperation among different races
 Educational system also focuses on
cooperation among the different races
1
unspoken rule at a hawker center: be
quick and efficient
 Customers only have a few seconds to
order their food
 Meaningless conversation is left out
 Tendency of Singaporeans to make
conversation is to be short and efficient
 Singapore has advanced technologies in
finance and transportation systems
Public buses: light turn green for them during rush
hours
 Singaporeans deemphasize leisure due to their
efficiency & productivity
 Birth rate = 1.4 babies per woman
• Estimated 1/3 of Singapore's population will be
60 or over by 2030
 Social Development Unit = a department created
by the government

• Encourages college graduates to marry
• Called “single, desperate, and ugly” department
 Number
of men and women working at a
hawker center have similar positions with
equally long hours
• Women frequently occupy the upper hierarchy
 In
comparison with other Asian countries,
Singapore’s views equality for women
 Women have become CEOs,
ambassadors, and leaders of major
companies
 Large
number of rules compared to other
countries
• Many youths feel stymied because of the
number of rules
 Fines
for littering (1st time offenders are
fined 1,000 Singapore dollars)
 Death penalty is standard for drug
trafficking ranging from 15g of heroin to
1.2kg of opium
 No homeless people in Singapore
 Internal
Security Act (ISA) lets official detain
people without trial
 Prostitution in better sections of the city in
Singapore
 The government is paternalistic and in allproviding authority
 Hawker centers are safe places and usually
open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week
 Low crime rate compared to neighboring
nations
 Hawker
centers sell traditional Southeast
Asian food as well, as newer Western
food
 All three ethnic groups (Chinese, Malays,
and Indian) celebrate major festivals
• Government has decreed all such ethnic
celebrations are national holidays
 Educational
system is ditching rote
learning and memorization techniques &
emphasizing more on math and science
 2nd
largest country in the world
 Population of more than 1 billion (China
is number 1)
 Colonized by Britain but became
independent in 1947
 Member of the BRIC club (Brazil, Russia,
India, China)
 Life expectancy has increased from 32 to
65
 This
nation has the largest number of
college educated scientists and
computer specialists in the world
 India’s limited success is its dramatic
increase in population without
corresponding growth in resources
 Religious diversity is a major feature of
India
• For 2,000 years India was almost completely
Hindu
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iDidN
cTEjtA
 3 most important Gods in Hindu are
Brahma (the Creator), Vishnu (the
Preserver), & Shiva (the Destroyer)
 Dancing Shiva has been described as
“clearest image of the activity of God
which any art or religion can boast of”
 When
Shiva lapses into activity the cosmos
become chaos and destruction follows
 The Dance of Shiva represents both the
conception of world processes as a supreme
being’s pastime and in the very nature of
that blessed being
 The dance symbolizes the 5 main activities
of the supreme being: creation and
development; preservation and support;
change and destruction; shrouding,
symbolism, illusion, and giving rest; and
release, salvation, and grace
 Basic
Indian culture comes from the
people’s Dravidian and Aryan ethnic origins
• Dravidian’s came to India from the eastern
Mediterranean coast 3000 years before Christ
• About 1500 BC this civilization fell into decline, and
its people migrated to the southern part of the
Indian’s subcontinent
• At the same time the Aryan’s arrived in India from
Persia
 Today’s
population = 72% Aryan origin,
25% Dravidian
 India’s
most populous cities (among the
40 largest in the world) include: Mumbai,
Kolkata, Delhi, Chennai, and Bangalore
 India has recovered from cycles of chaos
again harmony time and time again
 North and South India have different
historical roots
• North has been subjected to a series of foreign
invasions so the North is more of a mixed
heritage
 Began
in north India in the early 13th
century until the middle of the 19th century
 Muslim rulers were harsh on Hindu’s except
the great Mughal emperor Akbar who
married a Hindu princess
• Fostered tolerance for all religions and had Hindu’s
in high positions and received Jesuit priests in his
court
 There
have been forceful conversion of
Hindus to Muslims
• These new Muslims were turned into second class
citizens
 Confrontation
between Muslims and
Hindus have always been incompatible
religious systems and a mutual hatred
between the two still is around today
 The Muslim Mughal empire began to
erode in the 18th century
• Independent regional kingdoms sprang up
everywhere until the British came in the 19th
century

Instituted direct rule over India in 1857
• Many Indians think of this event as the 1st war of
Independence
The British garison at Kanpur was slaughtered
 Early expressions of nationalism first occurred in
the Indian National Congress in 1885 and the AllIndia Muslim League in 1906
 Inspired by Gandhi the Indian National Congress
began a program of peaceful noncooperation
with British Rule

• Gandhi was killed right after India gained their
independence from Britain
 Jawaharlal
Nehru, head of Congress
became the first prime minister of India
in 1947
• His concepts were freedom, democracy,
socialism, world peace, and international
cooperation
 Indira
Gandhi succeeded Nehru in office
(is Nehru’s daughter)
• Invoked the emergency provisions of the
constitution in 1975 and suspended civil
liberties
 Rajiv
Gandhi (Indira’s son) became
prime minister on her death
 On Rajiv’s death the Congress party was
swept back into power
 Rajiv’s widow, Sonia Gandhi is now the
president of the Congress party
• Forbes magazine ranked her as the sixth most
powerful woman in the world in 2007
 Philosophy
overlaps religion
 Hinduism
 Bharata Varsha: “Land
of actors”
 Happiness through spiritual enlightenment
 Mukti (salvation) and Moksha (Perception)
 Four
paths; Bhakti yoga, Karma yoga, Jnana
yoga and Raja yoga
 Jivas
(souls)
 Personalized unconscious;
• Sattva (clarity ,light)
• Rajas ( passion, desire)
• Tamas (dullness, darkness)
 Hindu
Astrology
 Endless
cycle of the soul through birth, life,
death, and reincarnation
 Stage
1: Student
• Learn
 Stage
2: Householder
• Family
• Vocation
• Community
 Stage
3: Retirement
• True education
• “White-bearded man”
 Stage
4: Sannyasin
• “One who neither hates nor loves anything”
• Mukti
 Reward
or punishment based on their
accumulated good and bad deeds
 Importance
of Astrology
• Matching the horoscopes of a bride and groom
 Concept
of time is cyclical
 Religious
images made of permanent
materials
 Practice religion at home
 Extended family
• Weakened by migration to cities and towns
 Preference for a son
• Putra: “he who protects from going to hell”
 Dowry
• Against the law
• “Bride burning “ and deaths of women
 Masculinization of the
• Sex determination tests
• Illegal
Indian population
 Love
cannot be self-centered
 Children not considered sacred in poorer
parts of India
 Population of Children exceeds the
population of the United States
 Regulate birth rates
 The father is a feared disciplinary figure
 Father-son relationship
 History
• Ancient times
• Medieval times
 Rituals
• Sati
• Purdah
 Modern
India
 Independent women in rural areas
 1979: Mother Teresa wins the Nobel
Peace Price
 2007: Pratibha Patil first woman President
 High
rate of crimes against women
 Rising increase in sexual harassment
 Man’s
worth and recognition bound on the
reputation of his family
 The family contributes to decisions
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UyxY7k
dwdpY
 Arranged marriage
 Divorce disgraceful (changing)
 Child marriage; hard on the girl
• Against the law but still common
•
Shiva and Parvati
• Both genders part of
the Indian society
•
Just as the Dance of
Shiva, each member
of the family fulfills a
role dictated by
family tradition
 Sense
of duty (dharma)
 3 categories of dharma:
• Universal principles of harmony (sanatana dharma)
• Relative ethical systems varying by social class
(varnashrama dharma)
• Personal moral conduct (svadharma)
 “For
the protection of the good, for the
destruction of the evil, for the firm
establishment of the national righteousness,
I am born again and again.”
 Oldest
source of ethical ideas
 Composite poem following rivalry
between 2 families
 Illustrates the illusory nature of the world
 Repository of Hindu beliefs and customs
 Based on the assumption dharma is
paramount in society
 Bhagavad-Gita (Song of the Blessed One)
“It was my duty.”
 Originates
in the nonadherence to
dharma by those in positions of power
 3 actors: 2 contestants, peacemaker
 Peacemaker is victor because they
restore harmony
 Sole
repositories of virtues and vices of
institution
 Social reform movements remove
individuals holding positions of authority
 Same social issues from Mughal and
British Indian empires still exist
 Institutions on which society was founded
no longer work
 Violence
within a harmonious society
 Character is rooted in depths of the mind
rather than heat of action
 Worldly acts are part of illusion of life
and have no moral significance
 Avoid
good and evil, prefer knowledge
and ignorance
 Destructive acts by ignorant people are
not sins
 Destructive acts by knowledgeable
people are held against them in their
search for enlightenment
 Holy
water
 Washes away a person’s sins
 Required of Hindus at least once in life
 Government attempts to clean polluted
waters have not been effective
 Dance of Shiva: death among life,
decomposition next to creation, pollution
mixed with purity
 Officially
outlawed, still exists
 Natural law (soul is born into appropriate
caste)
 Honors and duties given to each class
 Higher classes profit at the expense of
those lower down
 Brahmans: priests, teachers, intellectuals
 Kshatriyas: warriors, police,
administrators
 Vaishyas: skilled craftspeople, farmers
 Shudras: artisans, workers
 Dalits (Untouchables): work that is
considered socially undesirable and
unclean, lie outside normal society
 Subcastes
 Friendships
within jati are closer and less
formal
 A person's name gives information about
jati and what region of the country their
family is from
 Internalized jati norms define correct
actions for individuals
 All
interests within caste regarded as identical
 Equality of opportunity for everyone within
caste
 Allowed to develop experience and skills
needed to succeed
 Self-governing castes
 Crimes committee by upper castes punished
more severely
 Dance of Shiva: preservation of order
interspaced with disorder
 Symbol
of human injustice
 Ostracized from rest of society
 Proximity to contaminating factor
constitutes a permanent pollution
• Collective and hereditary
 Irrevocably “unclean”
 Government, and
supposedly nation,
committed to social equality
 Gandhi
 Harijan : “children of God”
 Caste system is illegal
 22.5% of government jobs reserved for
untouchables
 Deep rooted prejudices are not easily
eliminated
 Violence
against Dalits who fall in love
with members of upper castes
 Intercaste marriages still evoke ferocious
responses
 Upper castes protest accommodation
through “affirmative action”
 1990: upper caste students burned
themselves to death in protest
 Harijan
beginning to assert democratic
rights through organized political activity
 Power becoming ascendant over status
 2008: Mayawati (Dalit leader) elected
chief minister of Uttar Pradesh
 Education acts as solvent to castes
 Government payouts to those who marry
members of lower castes
 Elders
have more authority than youth
 Men have greater authority than women
 Maternal nurturing on part of superior
 Filial respect and compliance on part of
subordinate
 Social behavior extends into workplace
 Changing social norms are consistent
with the evolutionary aspect of the Dance
of Shiva
 Enables, prepares, and
progresses
individuals through the cycle of life
 Originally described as duty without
concern for material outcomes
 Put aside caste prejudices in workplace,
but return to social norms at home
 Reverse discrimination
 Dance of Shiva: order within disorder
 Family, relative, castes, language, religion
 Very
informal and friendly within groups
 Interfere with formally designated work
hierarchy
 Uncertainty avoidance
• Nearly tied with US, Germany is much higher
• Consistent with Hindu philosophy of life as an
illusion
 Power distance
• India has high power distance, US and Germany
have low power distance
 Individualism
• India very collectivist, US and Germany are more
individualistic
 Masculinity
 Honoring
family leads to nepotism,
dishonesty, and corruption
 Guilt and anxiety are aroused only when
actions go against primacy of relations
 No concern for foreign standards of
ethics
 Viewed
as order giver
 Similar to attitude in Germany
 US perceives managers as problem
solvers and facilitators
 View inclusive managers as incompetent
 Bollywood
is largest producer of films in
the world
• 800 movies a year
 “protector
from reality, concealer of truth,
restorer of tranquility, enemy of fear and
sadness, and cleanser of the soul”
 Influencers ideas of the good life, social
values, family, and romantic relationships
 Foreign
civilizations are influencing
India, but spiritual nutrient of Hindu
philosophy is still present
 India continues its journey toward
salvations from worldly concerns
 Hindu philosophy is key to understand
how a nation of such diversity manages to
bear its burdens while its people remain
filled with peace