Verbs
Verbs
 Sentence = Subject + Predicate
 Predicate = the VERB
 Verb = tells what the subject of the sentence is, has,
does, or feels
 Mary works
at the hospital.
 She loves her job.
 She helps the doctor.
 She treats the patients.
Action Verbs

Physical action that can be seen by other people
•
•

The girl runs around the neighborhood.
He eats the potato chips.
Mental action that cannot be seen
•
•
I like the book better than the movie.
We decided to go to the beach.
Being Verbs
 Express a state of being
 Do not refer to an action of any sort
 Simply tell what the subject is
•
•
•
•
Chelsea is the veterinarian's assistant.
She seems afraid of the dogs.
One dog looks angry.
The dogs are hungry.
Common Being Verbs
 Chart from page 100 in your textbook.
Forms of be:
am, is, are, was, were, be, being,
been
Other Being Verbs
appear, become, feel, grow, look,
seem, remain, smell, sound, stay,
taste
Try It Out – pg. 101
Linking Verbs

A linking verb links, or connects, the subject with a
noun or an adjective in the predicate that names or
describes the subject.
•
Coby is a dog.
•
Coby is small.
Underline the linking verb & draw an arrow showing which words are
linked by the verb.
 The huge diamond mine is now a museum.
 The farm animals looked quite content.
Linking Verbs
 Some verbs can function as either linking verbs or action verbs
•
Linking Verbs
The laundry smells fresh.
 The patient felt tired.

•
Action Verbs
The woman smells the perfume.
 She felt the patient’s forehead.

To Help You Decide…
 Try substituting is or are for the verb – if the
sentence still makes sense, the verb is most
likely a linking verb
•
•
The cats look scared. (The cats are scared)
The dog’s bark sounds vicious. (The dog’s bark is vicious.)
Try It Out – pg. 102
Action or Linking Verb
 He resigned in 1779 because of ill health.
 Burr and Alexander Hamilton were longtime
enemies.
 Gary came from a well-known family.
Capybaras
(from page 103)
Capybaras, which look like their guinea pig cousins,
are much bigger. They sometimes reach 140 pounds
and grow four feet high and four feet long. One
feature seems odd: they have fourteen toes, four
on each front foot.
Capybaras continued…
 These large rodents thrive in South America, and they
often live to ten years in the wild. They communicate
with one another by whistles and barks, which sound
strange indeed. Grasses taste great to capybaras; they
chomp on plants almost twenty-four hours a day!
Verb Phrases
 Verb phrase = a group of words that acts as a single
verb
One or more helping verbs followed by a main verb
 The main verb expresses the action or state of being
 Tiny water droplets have been gathering.
 They will form a cloud.

Common Helping Verbs
 Be, am, is, are
 Was, were, been
 Has, have, had
 Does, do, did
 Can, could
 Shall, should
 Will, would
 Might, may
Underline the verb phrase.
 My classmates and I will soon be computer experts.
 Can you believe my good fortune?
 I was surfing the Internet in the computer lab.
Underline verb phrase, Circle the helping verb
 Perhaps we should learn more about birth
celebrations in other countries.
 Families will sometimes buy a cake for a birthday
party.
Some verbs can be either main verbs OR helping
verbs…
 Helping
 It is raining outside.

I have bought new boots.
 Main
 The street is wet.

They have wooly linings.
Sometimes…
 …other words come between the parts of a verb
phrase

The sun will soon have disappeared behind the clouds.

Can you see any blue sky?

I have not been outside lately.

Don’t go out in this weather.

Not and it’s contraction are not part of the verb phrase
Try It Out  pg. 105
What is not part of the verb phrase?
 Please don’t forget my e-mail address.
 We will probably exchange e-mails all summer long.
Summing Up
 A verb phrase is a group of words functioning as a
single verb.
 The main verb in a verb phrase expresses the action
or the state of being. The other verbs are helping
verbs.
 On your own  pg. 105-106
Simple Verb Tenses
 TENSE of the verb identifies when something
occurs
 Present tense -> study
 Past tense -> studied
 Future tense -> will study
• Rules for Forming Verb Tenses (pg. 107)
 Try It Out pg. 108, #’s 1-13
Be, have, and do
 There are NO simple rules for forming the tenses of
be, have, and do
be
have
do
(present, past)
(present, past)
(present, past)
am, was
have, had
do, did
are, were
have, had
do, did
is, was
has, had
does, did
(present, past)
(present, past)
(present, past)
We
are, were
have, had
do, did
You
are, were
have, had
do, did
They (or plural noun)
are, were
have, had
do, did
Singular subjects:
I
You
He, she, it (or singular
noun)
Plural subjects:
 First a seed was planted in the soil.
 After a few days, the seed had opened.
 Did the stem split the seed in two?
 This seed has already been split.
 Kidney beans ______ first cultivated in South and Central
America. (be – past)
 Michigan _______ manufactured over 700 million pounds
of dry beans this year. (have – present)
 Aimee, ______ you know it is not illegal to kill a praying
mantis? (do – present)
Let’s Review…
 Pg. 112 – “Restaurant Reviews”
Perfect Tenses
 Every verb has 4 basic forms called Principal
Parts:

the present (or base)

the present participle

the past

the past participle
• Let’s look at the chart in your book on page 113
Principal Parts
Verb
Present Participle
Past
Past Participle
Paint
(is) painting
painted
(has) painted
Guess
(is) guessing
guessed
(has) guessed
Carry
(is) carrying
carried
(has) carried
Love
(is) loving
loved
(has) loved
Plan
(is) planning
planned
(has) planned
Principal parts are NOT tenses. They are the main forms of
verbs from which tenses are formed.
Perfect Tenses
 present perfect, past perfect, future perfect
 The 3 perfect tenses are made up of a
form of the verb “have” and the past
participle
Perfect
tenses = form of “have” + past
participle
“Have” is a _________ verb?
Present Perfect Tense
 Tells about an action that took place at an indefinite
time in the past.
 The action may still be going on… started in the past
and continues into the present

People have used computers in offices since the 1970s.
Past Perfect Tense
 Tells about an action in the past that was completed
before another action took place.

People had used typewriters before the invention of
computers.
Future Perfect Tense
 Tells about an action that will be completed before a
specific time in the future.

People will have developed faster computers before the end
of this decade.
Try It Out, pg. 114
 “Summing Up”

QUIZ #2 REVIEW
 Simple Verb Tenses:
 Present
– study
 Past – studied
 Future – will study
You will have to highlight or underline the verb in each
sentence & write what tense it is.
Their garden provided most of the meal.
QUIZ #2 REVIEW
 be, have, & do

Your colorful chart! USE IT!
You will have to complete sentences with the form of
the verb shown in parentheses.
Potatoes __________ root vegetables. (be – present)
QUIZ #2 REVIEW
You will have to circle or highlight the correct form of
the verb to complete each sentence.
I (am, is) not sure about that.
(Has, Have) you read about the largest carrot?
QUIZ #2 REVIEW
 Perfect Tenses:
Present perfect: Irene has exercised today.
 Past perfect: Irene had exercised before.
 Future perfect: Irene will have exercised by 5:00pm.


Some hints to help you remember…
 Present perfect will use HAS or HAVE
 Past perfect will use HAD
 Future perfect will always have the word WILL
Scientists have discovered vitamins only recently.
8. Progressive
forms
 Express action in progress…

Poison ivy has been growing in the woods.

Richard was collecting firewood in that area.

Now his hands and arms are itching.


NOT a separate tense
Tells about continuing action in the present, the past, or the
future
Progressive forms
 Present Progressive

We are studying plants in school now.
 Past Progressive

We were studying plants when the bell rang.
 Future Progressive

We will be studying plants again tomorrow.
Progressive forms
 Present Perfect Progressive

We have been studying plants for several days.
 Past Perfect Progressive

We had been studying plants for only a day when we had our
field.
 Future Perfect Progressive

We will have been studying plants for weeks by the time our
project is done.
9. Transitive
Verbs
 Expresses action that is received by a noun or a
pronoun in the predicate

The noun or pronoun that receives the action is
called the DIRECT OBJECT


Peyton threw the ball to his receiver.
The crowd cheered Peyton Manning as he completed the
pass.
Intransitive
Verbs
 DOES NOT send its action to a noun or pronoun
 Therefore it does not have an object

Transitive vs. Intransitive


The crowd cheered Peyton Manning as he completed the
pass.
The crowd cheered wildly.
How can you tell…
 #3 on pg. 129

Ask yourself whom? or what? after the verb.



Cheered whom? Cheered what?
If the answer is a noun or pronoun  transitive
If there is no answer to the question  intransitive
Peyton threw the ball to his receiver.
 The crowd cheered wildly.

Our old friend
the linking verb…
 Linking verbs are ALWAYS INTRANSITIVE

Do not express action

The Broncos are the winners.

The Cowboys seem confident about their win.

The Eagles are in first place now.
 Try It Out on pg. 130, #’s 3-8
10. Direct &
Indirect Objects
 Direct Object: noun, pronoun (or word group)
that tells who or what receives the action of the
verb

Rosie’s grandmother hugged her.
Rosie’s grandmother hugged whom? Her.
 HER receives the action of the verb HUGGED


Did Mary read The Great Gatsby last summer?
Did Mary read what? The Great Gatsby
 The Great Gatsby receives the action of the verb READ

10. Direct vs.
Indirect Objects
 Not every sentence has a Direct Object

Direct Object can never follow a verb that does not
express action (linking verb, being verb)

Gary seemed happy.
Compound Direct
Object
 Two or more direct objects that complete the
meaning of the same verb

Nadine has invited Phil, Maria, and Tom to the movies.
Nadine invited whom? Phil, Maria, Tom
 Phil, Maria, Tom receive the action of the verb invite

 Try It Out pg. 132 #s 1-8
Find the direct object or objects in each sentence.

1. Worker bees perform many different tasks in their hive.

2. They make wax and build honeycombs.

3. They also clean the hive and guard the entrance.



4. The larger workers collect nectar, pollen, and water
and store it in the hive.
5. The smaller ones rarely leave the nest.
6. A group of worker bees surrounds the extremely
important queen bee at all times.

7. The queen bee lays the eggs for the hive.

8. The workers clean her and bring special food to her.
Indirect Objects
 Noun, pronoun (or word group) that usually
comes between the verb and direct object
 Tells who or what was affected by the action
 I showed Vince the fireflies.
I.O.

D.O.
The fireflies gave us a good show.
I.O.
D.O.
Indirect Objects
 Tells to whom or to what OR for whom or for what
the verb of the action is done


The principal gave her an award.

Direct Object?

Indirect Object?
My mom sent me a card.

Direct Object?

Indirect Object?
Indirect Objects
 If a word follows to or for it is NOT an indirect
object

I showed the fireflies to Vince.

The fireflies gave a show for us.
Indirect Objects
 Try It Out pg. 134

15. I asked Ms. Jackson some questions about spiders.
I.O.

Find each object in the sentences, is it direct or direct?
D.O.
16. She lent Mark and me a book of photographs of
spider webs.
 On Your Own pg. 134 #’s 25-30
Let’s Review…
 Direct Object – NOUN or PRONOUN that
answers whom or what after the verb

Mrs. Rivera offered Sally a job as a babysitter.
What is the verb? Offered
 Offered whom? Or offered what? Job = D.O.
 REMEMBER, the D.O. is receiving the action of the verb. Ask
yourself, what is being offered? Or whom is being offered?


Mr. and Mrs. Rivera showed Sally their house.
Verb?
 __________ whom? Or __________ what?
 __________ = D.O.

Let’s Review…
 Direct Object – NOUN or PRONOUN that
answers whom or what after the verb



They gave the teenager instructions.
She handed Sally a number to call in case of an
emergency.
Sally read Molly a book about a dragon.
Let’s Review…
 Indirect Object – NOUN or PRONOUN that tells
to whom, for whom, to what or for what the
action was done.

Mrs. Rivera offered Sally a job as a babysitter.
Verb = offered, D.O. = job
 Offered job to whom? for whom? to what? OR for what?
 Offered job to Sally = I.O.


Mr. and Mrs. Rivera showed Sally their house.
Verb = showed, D.O. = house
 Showed to whom? for whom? to what? OR for what?
 Indirect Object =

Let’s Review…
 Indirect Object – NOUN or PRONOUN that tells
to whom, for whom, to what or for what the
action was done.



They gave the teenager instructions.
She handed Sally a number to call in case of
emergency.
Sally read Molly a book about a dragon.
Predicate
Adjectives
 Predicate Nouns – completes the linking verb,
RENAMES the subject
 Predicate Adjectives – completes the linking
verb, DESCRIBES the subject

Let’s look back at when we discussed Linking Verbs…
Predicate
Adjectives
 Keats was a great English poet.
 His poems remain popular after 150 years.
 Shelley and Byron were also writers of the same
period.
 Poetry often looks different from other forms of
writing.
12. Active & Passive
Voice
 Active Voice – subject is the do-er of the action
 Tells what a person or thing does
 Subject performs the action, typically comes before the
verb
 Object tells who/what receives the action, typically
comes after the verb
Tom changed the flat tire.
12. Active & Passive
Voice
 Passive Voice – subject is the receiver of the action
 Tells what is done to something or someone
 Subject performs the action, now comes after the verb,
and typically follows the word “BY”
 Object tells who or what receives the action, now comes
before the verb
The flat tire was changed by Tom.
Changing ACTIVE to PASSIVE
 Harry ate six shrimp at dinner.
 We are going to watch a movie tonight.
 Mom read the novel in one day.
 I will clean the house every Saturday.
 Tom painted the entire house.
 At dinner, six shrimp were eaten by Harry.
 A movie is going to be watched by us tonight.
 The novel was read by mom in one day.
 The house will be cleaned by me every
Saturday.
 The entire house was painted by Tom.
Changing PASSIVE to ACTIVE
 Extensive training on the new safety procedures
was required to be attended by the
maintenance staff.
 1. Verb?
 2. Subject?
 3. Object?
 Now flip it & reverse it. Make the subject the
do-er of the verb.
 The maintenance staff was required to attend
extensive training on the new safety
procedures.
Changing PASSIVE to ACTIVE
 The video was posted on Facebook by Alex.
 For the bake sale, two dozen cupcakes will be baked by
Susan.
 The baby was carried by the kangaroo in her pouch.
 The victory will be celebrated by the team tomorrow.
 The application for a new job was faxed by her.
 The whole suburb was destroyed by the forest fire.
 Alex posted the video on Facebook.
 Susan will bake two dozen cupcakes for the bake
sale.
 The kangaroo carried the baby in her pouch.
 The team will celebrate the victory tomorrow.
 She faxed her application for a new job.
 The forest fire destroyed the whole suburb.
13. Subject-Verb Agreement
 Singular subject  Singular verb
 Plural subject  Plural verb
Singular
Plural
She runs three miles everyday.
The women in the group run everyday.
I practice for an hour.
We practice for an hour.
It is a Christmas stocking for the dog.
They are the new Christmas stockings.
Subject-Verb Agreement Rules
Use a plural verb with subjects joined
by AND
My friends and I have different
schedules.
My brother and dad are Flyers fans.
Use a singular verb with singular
subjects joined by OR or NOR
Either Christmas or Thanksgiving is the
best holiday.
Neither she nor he took out the trash.
Use a plural verb with plural subjects
joined by OR or NOR
Kangaroos or penguins are my favorite
animal.
Neither lions nor tigers should be kept
as pets.
If a compound subject has both singular
and plural nouns joined by or or nor,
use a verb that agrees with the noun
closer to it
Neither the potatoes nor the rice is in
the cabinet.
The bread, rice, and apples are in the
pantry.
14. Inverted Order
Sentences beginning with here or there
Here is the new store.
There are so many sales!
Other declarative sentences
In the classroom there is a statue.
Downstairs are pictures of our family.
Interrogative sentences
Where is the new store?
Are there sales going on?
14. Interrupted Order
 A map of the shopping mall is in the folder.
 Other stores that sell shoes will open in the
spring.
Rise, Raise; Lie, Lay; Sit, Set
Rise
Present Participle: (is) rising
Past: rose
Past Participle: (has) risen
To get up, go up
Teachers rise early in the morning.
To lift, move up, increase, help to
grow
Parents raise their children to do the
right thing.
Lie
(is) lying
lay
(has) lain
To rest, recline, remain in one
place
Coby lies in his dog bed.
Lay
(is) laying
laid
(has) laid
To put something down, place
The workers laid the foundation for
the new house.
Sit
(is) sitting
sat
(has) sat
To be seated
My dad sits in his beach chair.
Set
(is) setting
set
(has) set
To place or put
Set the papers down over there.
Raise
(is) raising
raised
(has) raised
To decide which verb to use, ask yourself what the subject is
doing…
 If the subject is placing an object somewhere, use set or
lay
 If the subject is resting use sit or lie
 To decide whether to use rise or raise, ask yourself,
Raise what?


If you answer names something, use raise
If the question has no answer, you should use rise
 Try It Out on pg. 151, 1-10
Bring, Take; Let, Leave; Lend, Loan
Bring
(is) bringing
brought
(has) brought
To carry or lead toward the
speaker
Chelsea brought me a souvenir from
her trip.
Take
(is) taking
took
(has) taken
To carry or lead away from the
speaker
She will take her daughter to work.
Let
(is) letting
let
(has) let
To allow, permit
The security guard will not let them in
the gate.
Leave
(is) leaving
left
(has) left
To go away from, allow to remain
You must leave your license at the
front desk during the tour.
Lend – VERB
(is) lending
lent
(has) lent
To give something temporarily
The University of Delaware library
lends books to other libraries.
Loan – NOUN
Something that is lent
This book is a loan from the library.
Try It Out – pg. 154, 1-10
Let’s Review…
 The sun was just (rising/raising).
 “I’ve (lain/laid) in bed long enough,” she said.
 Her father had (sat/set) out some cereal.
 She (lay/laid) a new window box on the sill.
 She (lay/laid) on the couch for an hour.
Let’s Review…
 I would I could (bring/take) all my friends to
meet Kobe Bryant.
 She has (brought/taken) us to the beach many
times.
 He (brought/took) it back to the store the next
day.
 Chris has (loaned/lent) it to Randy in the past.
 Randy is (bringing/taking) me Chris’s bike to
repair.